ParkIndex: Development of a standardized metric of park access for research and planning

Kaczynski, Andrew T.; Schipperijn, Jasper; Hipp, J. Aaron; Besenyi, Gina M.; Stanis, Sonja A. Wilhelm; Hughey, S. Morgan; Wilcox, Sara

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.012

Cited by 45 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The fact that the number of parks close by is related to various types of physical activity confirms similar results from earlier studies (e.g. Cohen et al, 2006; Kaczynski et al, 2009; Kaczynski et al, 2014, Kaczynski et al, 2016). Our study showed the relation to be linear and present in multiple cities across different countries and cultures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…One study found that having an attractive (but not necessarily large) green space nearby was positively related to any recreational walking, and having a large attractive (but not necessarily close) green space may help adult residents achieve sufficient amounts of physical activity through recreational walking (Sugiyama et al, 2010). Kaczynski and colleagues (2016) developed a ParkIndex measure that incorporates both the cumulative effect of having multiple parks nearby and the difference in opportunity and quality in each park, which will allow researchers, planners, and citizens to evaluate the potential for park use for a given area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison

Schipperijn

Cerin

Adams

et al. 2017

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening

Self Cite

149

103

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Several systematic reviews have reported mixed associations between access to parks and physical activity, and suggest that this is due to inconsistencies in the study methods or differences across countries. An international study using consistent methods is needed to investigate the association between access to parks and physical activity. The International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adult Study is a multi-country cross-sectional study using a common design and consistent methods. Accelerometer, survey and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data for 6,181 participants from 12 cities in 8 countries (Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Mexico, New Zealand, UK, USA) were used to estimate the strength and shape of associations of 11 measures of park access (1 perceived and 10 GIS-based measures) with accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and four types of self-reported leisure-time physical activity. Associations were estimated using generalized additive mixed models. More parks within 1 km from participants’ homes were associated with greater leisure-time physical activity and accelerometer-measured MVPA. Respondents who lived in the neighborhoods with the most parks did on average 24 minutes more MVPA per week than those living in the neighborhoods with the lowest number of parks. Perceived proximity to a park was positively associated with multiple leisure-time physical activity outcomes. Associations were homogeneous across all cities studied. Living in neighborhoods with many parks could contribute with up to 1/6 of the recommended weekly Having multiple parks nearby was the strongest positive correlate of PA. To increase comparability and validity of park access measures, we recommend that researchers, planners and policy makers use the number of parks within 1 km travel distance of homes as an objective indicator for park access in relation to physical activity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison

Schipperijn

Cerin

Adams

et al. 2017

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening

Self Cite

149

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The features of the parks were assessed using a purposely created pen and paper audit tool, which was adapted from other audit tools [12,28,29] to meet the requirements of this study. For this study, 317 parks were audited between September 2014 and May 2017.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Features of Parks That Children Visit During Three Stages of Childhood

Flowers

Timperio

Hesketh

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Parks provide an opportunity for children to be physically active, but are rarely fully utilised. A better understanding of which park features attract children of varying ages is needed. This study examined which features are present at parks that children visit most often at different stages throughout childhood. Parents reported the park their child visited most often at three timepoints: T1 = 3–5 years, T2 = 6–8 years, and T3 = 9–11 years. These parks were then audited (using a purposely created audit tool) to capture information relating to access, activity areas and quality. Online mapping tools were also used to determine walking distance to parks and park size. Parks visited at T2 were further from home, larger, and had more road crossings, full courts, other facilities and comfort amenities such as toilets and lights than T1 parks. Parks visited at T3 were larger and had more sports ovals compared to T1 parks, and were significantly less likely to have barbeque facilities than T2 parks. Our findings suggest that as children transition from pre-school (T1), to primary school age (T2 and T3), they visit parks that have more facilities to support sport and active recreation.

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“…Many studies have shown an awareness of spatial physical factors affecting park access and use [20], [21]. The most significant factors influencing park use were found to be the natural environment, the sense of space, the level of quietness, and the accessible park services, while the authors stated that distance to the park was the main factor that determines park accessibility [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Visitors in Urban Green Parks by Mining Social Media Big Data Based Upon WHO Reports

et al. 2020

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Green parks in urban areas are believed to enhance the well-being of residents. The importance of green spaces to support health and fitness in urban areas has recently regained interest. Reports released in 2010-2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on urban planning, environment, and health stated that green spaces can have a positive impact on physical activity, social and mental well-being, enhance air quality and decrease noise exposure. We analyzed the number of check-ins in various parks of Shanghai by utilizing geotagged social media network check-in data. This article presents a descriptive study using social media data by obtaining the three-year comparison of spatial and temporal patterns of park visits to raise public awareness that green parks provide a healthy environment that can be beneficial for the wellbeing of urban citizens. We investigated the visitor spatiotemporal behavior in more than 115 green parks in 10 districts of Shanghai with approximately 250,000 check-ins. We examined 3 years of geotagged data and our main findings are: (i) the spatial and temporal variations of users in urban green parks (ii) the gender differences in space and time with relation to urban green parks. The main objective of this article is to present evident data for policymakers on the advantages of providing green spaces access to urban citizens and to facilitate cities with systematic approaches to provide green space access to improve the health of urban citizens. INDEX TERMS Urban green parks, big data, social networks, spatiotemporal, KDE, data mining.

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ParkIndex: Development of a standardized metric of park access for research and planning

Cited by 45 publications

References 60 publications

Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison

Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison

Examining the Features of Parks That Children Visit During Three Stages of Childhood

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Visitors in Urban Green Parks by Mining Social Media Big Data Based Upon WHO Reports

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