Parietal association cortex in the primate: sensory mechanisms and behavioral modulations

Robinson, David; Goldberg, Michael E.; Stanton, Gregory B.

doi:10.1152/jn.1978.41.4.910

Cited by 809 publications

(231 citation statements)

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“…Previous neuroimaging studies of retinotopic organization have generally failed to elicit topographic maps in LIP using passive viewing of stimuli, although Fize et al do report in one of four monkeys a caudal LIP polar angle map that is consistent with the one reported here (20,21). The failure to consistently evoke this map fits the observation that the strongest responses in posterior parietal cortex are evoked by behaviorally relevant stimuli as opposed to passively viewed stimuli (4,5,34). We also found a separate foveal representation in LIPv rostral to the peripheral field map.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Topographic organization of macaque area LIP

Patel

Shulman

Baker

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Despite several attempts to define retinotopic maps in the macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP) using histological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging methods, the degree to which this area is topographically organized remains controversial. We recorded blood oxygenation level-dependent signals with functional MRI from two macaques performing a difficult visual search task on stimuli presented at the fovea or in the periphery of the visual field. The results revealed the presence of a single topographic representation of the contralateral hemifield in the ventral subdivision of the LIP (LIPv) in both hemispheres of both monkeys. Also, a foveal representation was localized in rostral LIPv rather than in dorsal LIP (LIPd) as previous experiments had suggested. Finally, both LIPd and LIPv responded only to contralateral stimuli. In contrast, human studies have reported multiple topographic maps in intraparietal cortex and robust responses to ipsilateral stimuli. These blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI results provide clear evidence for the topographic organization of macaque LIP that complements the results of previous electrophysiology studies, and also reveal some unexpected characteristics of this organization that have eluded these previous studies. The results also delineate organizational differences between LIPv and LIPd, providing support for these two histologically defined areas may subserve different visuospatial functions. Finally, these findings point to potential evolutionary differences in functional organization with human posterior parietal cortex.T he macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP) has been the subject of many investigations over the past few decades. Anatomical studies of this area, which lies on the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), have demonstrated widespread connectivity with a variety of cortical areas (1-3). Electrophysiological recordings in awake behaving macaques indicate that these connections underlie LIP's role in a range of functions ranging from the planning of saccades to the allocation of attention to the valuation of sensory information (4-6).Despite the many studies of its functional and anatomical properties, the topographic organization of LIP remains controversial. Two electrophysiology studies have reported that LIP has a strong contralateral bias and may be retinotopically organized (3, 7). However, the maps in these studies were coarse and not consistent with one another. In contrast, another study found neither a retinotopic map nor a contralateral-hemifield bias (8). Electrical stimulation studies of LIP have also resulted in an unusual result: in both studies, the sites representing the horizontal meridian lie rostral to those representing both the lower and upper visual fields (9, 10). Thus, the issue of topography in LIP remains an open question.Architectonic studies have divided LIP into dorsal and ventral divisions, but the functional significance of this difference is unclear (3, 11). Although cells throughout LIP appe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Topographic organization of macaque area LIP

Patel

Shulman

Baker

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In this case, fixation apparently gives rise to an activation as postulated by ROBINSON et al (1978). However, many short-latency tonic units discharging during "gazing without target" did not show any activation during the ITI period even when spontaneous saccadic eye movements occasionally brought the visual line of the animal toward the central part of the screen.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Stimulus and Behavioral Factors Contributing to the Activation of Monkey Prefrontal Neurons during Gazing

1979

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Many neurons in the inferior dorsolateral area of the monkey prefrontal cortex showed sustained increases in discharge rates during continuous gazing at a tiny light spot that had a reward significance. These increases might depend upon stimulus factors (light target), behavioral factors (gazing) or both. In this report, we tried to separate these factors and to test the extent to which each factor might contribute to the neuronal reaction. Monkeys were trained to exhibit two kinds of behavior : 1) maintained gazing at a light target and 2) "gazing" behavior without a clear target. We then examined neuronal behavior in these two kinds of gazing behavior. During "gazing at target," many prefrontal neurons showed tonic activation ; thus the previous findings were confirmed. These neurons behaved in various ways in "gazing without target" : 1) some of the neurons were activated to the same extent as in "gazing at target" ; 2) many others also showed activation but with lower discharge rates; and 3) the rest of the neurons completely ceased activation. Such variation in discharge patterns may be interpreted as meaning that there is a continuous and graded difference among individual neurons in the dependence of their gaze-related activation upon a visible target. Then it seems that the stimulus factors are involved in a graded manner in generation of the activation, and further that other factors, probably behavioral ones, also contribute in part to it.Recent investigations have revealed that during delayed-response tasks many neurons in the prefrontal cortex exhibit increased discharge rates with various patterns. Activation is seen during the presentation of the pre-delay cue, the delay period and/or animals' responses upon cue presentation (FUSTER, 1973;KUBOTA et al., 1974). Such activation of prefrontal cortical neurons may be related to the choice and use of visual cues in delayed-response performance. However, the variety of activation patterns seen and the rather complex sequence of stimulus and behavioral events present in this task have impeded further analysis

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“…Visual tracking neurons respond when a moving stimulus is tracked by smooth-pursuit eye movements. Visual tracking neurons also respond when a stationary object is fixated while another object moves, but they do not respond with stationary fixations alone (e. g. , Robinson et al , 1978). Many visual tracking neurons exhibit a preferred direction of object motion.…”

Section: The Neural Substrate Must Have Very Large Receptive Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The how and why of what went where in apparent motion: Modeling solutions to the motion correspondence problem.

Dawson

1991

Psychological Review

167

117

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Abstract:A model that is capable of maintaining the identities of individuated elements as they move is described. It solves a particular problem of underdetermination, the motion correspondence problem, by simultaneously applying 3 constraints: the nearest neighbor principle, the relative velocity principle, and the element integrity principle. The model generates the same correspondence solutions as does the human visual system for a variety of displays, and many of its properties are consistent with what is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying human motion perception. The model can also be viewed as a proposal of how the identities of attentional tags are maintained by visual cognition, and thus it can be differentiated from a system that serves merely to detect movement. PDF Image: PDF Full Text Database: PsycARTICLESThe How Nevin-Meadows, Don Schopflocher, and Nancy Digdon at the University of Alberta. Comments from Dennis Proffitt and an anonymous reviewer on an earlier version of the manuscript were also extremely useful. I would like to acknowledge Brian Harder, who died during the past year. He began work on this research with me and performed numerous simulation runs and prepared many of the figures.Correspondence may be addressed to: Michael R. W. Dawson, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada. Electronic mail may be sent to mike@psych.ualberta.ca.Many researchers have described the goal of visual perception as the construction of useful representations about the world (e. g. , Horn, 1986;Marr, 1976Marr, , 1982Ullman, 1979). These representations are derived from the information projected from a three-dimensional visual world (the distal stimulus) onto an essentially twodimensional surface of light receptors in the eyes. The interpretation of the distal stimulus must be determined from the resulting pattern of retinal stimulation (the proximal stimulus).However, the information represented in the proximal stimulus cannot, by itself, completely determine the nature of the distal stimulus. This is because the proximal stimulus does not preserve the full dimensionality of the physical world. The mapping from three-dimensional patterns to two-dimensional patterns is a many-to-one mapping and is not uniquely invertible (see Gregory, 1970;Horn, 1986;Marr, 1982;Richards, 1988). Retinal stimulation geometrically underdetermines interpretations of the physical world. 1Underdetermination can also result because the information available from local measurements of the proximal stimulus is consistent with a large number of different global interpretations. Alone, the local measurements are not sufficient to determine which global interpretation is correct. One example of this is the aperture problem: local measurements of a contour's movement do not by themselves specify the contour's true velocity (e. g. , Hildreth, 1983;Marr & Ullman, 1981). Another example is the stereo correspondence problem: local measurements do not by themselves specify which proxim...

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Parietal association cortex in the primate: sensory mechanisms and behavioral modulations

Cited by 809 publications

References 0 publications

Topographic organization of macaque area LIP

Topographic organization of macaque area LIP

Stimulus and Behavioral Factors Contributing to the Activation of Monkey Prefrontal Neurons during Gazing

The how and why of what went where in apparent motion: Modeling solutions to the motion correspondence problem.

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