Parents, Siblings, and Peers:

The Role of Parental Maltreatment and Parental Social Control on Self-Reported Violent Offending in Indonesia and the U.S.: Does Gender Make a Difference?

“…Thus, we focus on parental maltreatment because violence in the home seems to have the greatest impact on child development [13][14][15]. Though parents may feel that their influence as role models diminishes during adolescence as the influence of their child's peers increases [16][17][18], parents continue to be important in adolescents' lives [19,20]. Instances of neglect, abuse and parental criminality affect a parent's ability to monitor their child's behavior [21,22].…”

“…Instances of neglect, abuse and parental criminality affect a parent's ability to monitor their child's behavior [21,22]. Previous research has shown that parental maltreatment is associated with future delinquent and violent acts [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. For instance, harsh parental disciplinary techniques are associated with aggression which can increase the likelihood of delinquent acts [16].…”

“…Previous research has shown that parental maltreatment is associated with future delinquent and violent acts [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. For instance, harsh parental disciplinary techniques are associated with aggression which can increase the likelihood of delinquent acts [16]. Similarly, children with parents who have criminal involvement are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than those whose parents have no criminal involvement [23].…”

“…Ronald Akers' social learning theory [38] has four concepts: (1) differential association or the manner in which individuals align themselves with beliefs and behaviors of those they associate with; (2) differential reinforcement which is "the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow or are consequences of behavior" [38] (p. 67); (3) Imitation or modeling behavior of others and (4) definitions refers to the way an individual labels a particular act as being acceptable or unacceptable which can be within a broad range of behaviors characterized by general beliefs (such as moral codes) or specific beliefs which are marked by a person's experience of certain specific acts. Akers' social learning theory also argues that the impact of family and peers on an adolescent's deviant attitudes is greater than adolescents' attitude impacting family interactions [16]. In a similar vein, we draw on the family being the primary mode of contact through which children adapt certain behaviors [39].…”

Classifying Violent Versus Nonviolent Offending in a Diverse Sample of Adolescent Juvenile Delinquents

“…Several studies have revealed support for this theory. For example, research has supported that the adolescents whose peer groups included delinquent youth were likely to engage in law violations (Ardelt & Day, 2002;Kim & Goto, 2000). Research has also found an associated between delinquent behavior and family criminality .…”