“…In contrast, center staff working within a Vertical management style tend to use more authoritarian strategies when they, for example, encourage children to comply with center rules. This result parallels that found in the parenting literature, which finds that specific child behavior management practices, such as limiting decision making power, have been observed among workingclass parents "whose jobs are highly routinized and closely supervised, stress values of conformity, such as obedience, cleanliness, and courtesy" (Abell, Clawson, & Washington, 1996, Kohn, 1977. Some researchers hypothesize that these more authoritarian practices, while contrary to those defined as most effective by some (Maccoby &Martin, 1983), seem to be appropriate for some families who are living under difficult circumstances, such as economic hardship (Abell, Clawson, &Washington, 1996).…”