Parenting Practices and Cognitive Development of Preschool-Aged Children: Evidence from Rural China

Bai, Yu; Liu, Buyao; Wang, Lei; Li, Mengjie; Zhang, Siqi; Dang, Ruirui; Zheng, Lijuan; Yang, Ning; Song, Chuyu

doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02134-8

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Due to the high brain plasticity at this age, positive early experiences such as play, and stimulation have a major in uence on a child's cognitive ability. In addition, cognitive delays in early childhood might lead to long-term issues such as low academic achievement and educational achievement, increased risk for criminal behaviours, and low income in adulthood (Bai et al, 2021;Currie & Almond, 2011). Such ndings were also evident in our current study with signi cant positive associations between caregivers' stimulation practices and their children's ASQ scores.…”

Section: Zambia Rural Study Sitesupporting

confidence: 71%

Parental stress and child stimulation practices: examining associations with child developmental outcomes over time in Kenya and Zambia

Okelo

Murray

King

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Parental stress often arises when parenting demands exceed the expected and actual resources available for the parents to succeed in the parenting role. Parental stress is an important contributor to parent-child relationships. This in turn affects opportunities to engage their children in stimulating activities which could improve children’s development outcomes. However, limited evidence exists from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on the association between parental stress, caregiving practices and child developmental outcomes. Methods The findings reported in this paper were derived from data collected through previously conducted longitudinal nurturing care evaluation studies in Kisumu and Nairobi Counties in Kenya, and Chisamba District in Zambia. A total of 341 caregivers and their children who participated in the three rounds of data collection were included in this study. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel model (RI-CLPM) was used to determine the association between caregivers’ parenting stress, child stimulation practices, and child developmental outcomes. Results The findings showed that caregiver stimulation practices were positively associated with children’s developmental outcomes. The findings on the associations between parental stress and caregiver’s stimulation practices and children’s developmental outcomes were not universally supported. Conclusion The findings show that improved caregiver stimulation practices are likely to improve children’s developmental outcomes. The policy implications of the findings from this study focus on improving parenting practices by addressing predictors of parental stress. This includes creating awareness and subsidising childcare services to alleviate the costs related to childcare. Trial registration PACTR20180774832663

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Section: Zambia Rural Study Sitesupporting

confidence: 71%

Parental stress and child stimulation practices: examining associations with child developmental outcomes over time in Kenya and Zambia

Okelo

Murray

King

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Firstly, the level of parental education, to some extent, refers to the potential and capability of parents to acquire knowledge regarding parenting. Educated caregivers are more likely to recognize the significance of parenting practices for child development and are more prone to dedicating time to nurturing positive parenting (Bai et al, 2021). Second, it was found that poor family economic status may increase the likelihood of caregiver mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression (Yue et al, 2018) and decrease parenting investments (Wang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Parenting Practices and Family Adjustment of Caregivers on Early Childhood Development in Rural China

Song,

Zhang,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Preprint

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We used a unique panel dataset of 1682 children from villages in Northwest China. Our objective was to estimate the impact of parenting practices and family adjustment on early childhood development among infants aged 5 to 24 months. Within this cohort, an alarming 53.58% of children exhibited susceptibility to cognitive development delays. Additionally, 60.02%, 36.24%, and 40.11% were at risk of language, motor, and social-emotional delays, respectively. Moreover, parental consistency, coercive parenting and the parental adjustment of caregivers were relatively poor. Multivariate analysis revealed that total parenting practices and family adjustment had significant positive effects on all dimensions of early childhood development, including the cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional dimensions; parenting practices had the strongest relationship with all dimensions of child development; and family adjustment had a significant positive predictive function only for social-emotional development.

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“…Using eye movements is effective because it directly demonstrates the processing of facial expressions of emotions and bodily expressions of emotions matching in preschoolers (Ogren & Johnson, 2020). At the same time, due to the limited cognitive developmental level of preschool children (Bai et al, 2021), the adoption of eye-tracking technology can not only reduce their cognitive load, but also enable them to concentrate on completing experiments. Therefore, the adoption of eye-movement tracking technology is helpful to provide more abundant empirical evidence for revealing the developmental characteristics of preschool children's emotional cognition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preschoolers Can Match the Facial and Bodily Emotional Expressions: A Behavior and Eye-Tracking Study

Ren,

Huang,

et al. 2023

SAGE Open

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The preschool age is an important period in the development of children’s emotional abilities. The face and body are both vital carriers of emotional information and adults readily match the emotional cues coming from these two modalities. However, it is unknown whether preschoolers have this ability or not. In the current study, 36 preschoolers (22 boys, aged 44–73 months old) participated in an emotional facial and bodily matching test including angry, happy, and neutral expressions (Experiment 1) and an eye-tracking experiment (Experiment 2). The results show that: (1) preschoolers can accurately match three categories of facial and bodily expressions of emotion (all matching rates were above 93% in Experiment 1); (2) robust emotional matching was observed across conditions in Experiment 2. That is, the eye-tracking indexes including the total fixation duration, the first fixation duration, and the fixation count, all indicated that the preschoolers more thoroughly processed bodily expressions of emotion which were congruent to the facial expressions compared to incongruent bodily expressions of emotion. This study shows that the ability to match facial and bodily expressions of emotion develops at an early age. Preschool children have already reached a high level of this ability.

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Parenting Practices and Cognitive Development of Preschool-Aged Children: Evidence from Rural China

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Parental stress and child stimulation practices: examining associations with child developmental outcomes over time in Kenya and Zambia

Parental stress and child stimulation practices: examining associations with child developmental outcomes over time in Kenya and Zambia

The Effect of Parenting Practices and Family Adjustment of Caregivers on Early Childhood Development in Rural China

Preschoolers Can Match the Facial and Bodily Emotional Expressions: A Behavior and Eye-Tracking Study

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