Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of adolescent depressive symptoms and conduct problems.

Ge, Xiaojia; Best, K; Conger, Rand D.; Simons, Ronald L.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.717

Cited by 258 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Although parental hostility has most often been studied in the context of child externalizing problems, some researchers have proposed that repeated hostile confrontations with irritable parents represent a salient daily stressor that increases the child's psychological distress, diminishes the child's sense of self, and heightens feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, all of which are symptoms of internalizing problems (Burge & Hammen, 1991;Downey & Coyne, 1990;Ge et al, 1996). Several empirical investigations have borne out this hypothesis.…”

Section: Individual Parenting Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenting and child externalizing behaviors: Are the associations specific or diffuse?

McKee

Colletti

Rakow

et al. 2008

Aggression and Violent Behavior

157

119

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Building upon the link between inadequate parenting and child noncompliance, aggression, and oppositionality, behavioral parent training has been identified as a well-established treatment for externalizing problems in children. Much less empirical attention has been devoted to examining whether inadequate parenting and, in turn, behavioral parent training programs, have specific effects on child externalizing problems or more diffuse effects on both internalizing and externalizing problems. As an initial attempt to examine the specificity of parenting and childhood externalizing problems, this review examines prior research on the association of three parenting behaviors (parental warmth, hostility, and control) with child externalizing versus internalizing problems. Notably, findings revealed relatively little evidence for the specificity of parenting and child externalizing behaviors in the general parenting literature or in the family context of parent depression. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

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Section: Individual Parenting Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenting and child externalizing behaviors: Are the associations specific or diffuse?

McKee

Colletti

Rakow

et al. 2008

Aggression and Violent Behavior

157

119

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“…The questionnaire was developed by the Iowa Youth and Families Project based on their observational measures of the same constructs (e.g. Ge et al, 1996), with high internal reliability and good correlations with observed parental warmth and hostility. In the present study, the nine-item warmth scale had internal consistency reliability of 0.91, and the 15-item hostility scale had ALPHA=0.92.…”

Section: Child Report Of Mother Warmth and Hostilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpersonal dysfunction in depressed women: impairments independent of depressive symptoms

Hammen

Brennan

2002

Journal of Affective Disorders

146

114

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Background: The study explored the generality of interpersonal impairments in depressed women and examined the extent of their independence of current depressive episodes or symptoms.Methods: 812 community women who were formerly depressed, currently depressed, or never depressed were compared on a variety of indices of interpersonal behavior and beliefs. Information was also obtained from their spouses, adolescent children, and raters. Current depressive mood and sociodemographic factors that might affect social functioning were controlled.Results: Consistent with the hypotheses that interpersonal difficulties are not just consequences of depressive symptoms, formerly but not currently depressed women were significantly more impaired than never-depressed women on nearly all measures. They were less likely to be stably married, had poorer marital satisfaction, reported more spouse coercion and physical injury, had more problematic relationships with their child, friends, and extended family, reported more stressful life events with interpersonal and conflict content, and were more insecure in their beliefs about other people. Their spouses and boyfriends also reported more problems, and were themselves more likely to have diagnosable disorders. However, the groups did not differ in their children's perceptions of maternal warmth or hostility. Limitations:The cross-sectional design precluded conclusions about the causal direction of the relationship between interpersonal impairment and depressive disorder. Since clinical depression is more often than not followed by subthreshold symptoms that are not captured by standard diagnostic instruments, such symptoms are not easily discernable from preceding or co-existing interpersonal problems. Only women were studied. Conclusions:Interpersonal impairment is a stable feature of depression, a significant challenge to treatment, and may reflect underlying vulnerability to the onset, and recurrence, of depressive experiences.

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“…First, although CD, ODD, ADHD, and depression undoubtedly have unique causal influences, there is evidence from twin studies that CD shares common genetic influences with ADHD (Coolidge, Thede, & Young, 2000;Thapar, Harrington, & McGuffin, 2001), with ODD (Coolidge et al, 2000;Eaves et al, 2000), and with depression (O'Connor, McGuire, Reiss, Hetherington, & Plomin, 1998). Second, there is evidence that CD shares common environmental risk factors with ODD and depression, such as negativity among family members and parenting that is low in warmth and monitoring (Fergusson, Lynskey, & Horwood, 1996;Frick et al, 1992;Ge, Best, Conger, & Simons, 1996;Goodman & Gotlib, 1999;Goodman et al, 1998;Pike, McGuire, Hetherington, Reiss, & Plomin, 1996). Third, there is evidence consistent with the hypothesis that childhood CD leads to family and peer rejection and academic failure, which give rise to depressive symptoms (Capaldi, 1992;Patterson & Capaldi, 1990;Patterson & Stoolmiller, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 17 years among clinic-referred boys.

Lahey¹,

Loeber²,

Burke³

et al. 2002

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

176

155

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Six waves of structured diagnostic assessments were conducted of 168 clinic-referred 7-to 12-year-olds, over 7 years. Wave-to-wave changes in the number of conduct disorder (CD) behaviors were paralleled by correlated changes in the numbers of symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and anxiety. In addition, CD in Wave 1 predicted levels of ODD, ADHD, depression, and anxiety in later waves when initial levels of those symptoms were controlled, but only ODD in Wave 1 predicted CD in later waves when initial CD levels were controlled. These findings indicate a striking degree of dynamic comorbidity between CD and other types of psychopathology and provide an initial empirical framework for needed developmental models of comorbidity.Conduct disorder (CD) co-occurs at greater than chance levels with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders in both clinical and population-based samples (Angold, Costello, & Erkanli, 1999;Caron & Rutter, 1991;Lahey, Miller, Gordon, & Riley, 1999;Loeber & Keenan, 1994;Moffitt, Caspi, Rutter, & Silva, 2001). Comorbid psychopathology almost certainly contributes to the distress and functional impairment experienced by youths with CD and complicates their treatment. Moreover, theories of the origins and course of CD that do not explain its high degree of comorbidity with other types of psychopathology would be incomplete. Therefore, understanding these patterns of comorbidity is essential to understanding the fundamental nature of both CD and its comorbid conditions. Caron and Rutter (1991) and Loeber and Keenan (1994) noted the particular need for longitudinal studies of comorbidity to understand the developmental relationships among disorders. Among other things, such studies would help to determine if (a) one type of psychopathology tends to precede another in developmental time and increase the likelihood of the latter type of psychopathology, (b) whether CD and other disorders are more likely to be comorbid at particular times in development than other times, and (c) whether CD and other disorders tend to wax and wane in concert over time. Such information would provide much of the necessary empirical framework for theories of both the development of CD and its dynamic comorbidity with other disorders.

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Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of adolescent depressive symptoms and conduct problems.

Cited by 258 publications

References 63 publications

Parenting and child externalizing behaviors: Are the associations specific or diffuse?

Parenting and child externalizing behaviors: Are the associations specific or diffuse?

Interpersonal dysfunction in depressed women: impairments independent of depressive symptoms

Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 17 years among clinic-referred boys.

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