Parenteral Influenza Vaccination Influences Mucosal and Systemic T Cell–Mediated Immunity in Healthy Adults

Abstract

We sought to determine whether palatine tonsils (PTs) harbor naturally acquired influenza-specific T cell immunity and whether routine parenteral immunization with influenza vaccine influences mucosal and systemic T cell reactivity. We demonstrate that tonsillar and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferate strongly to influenza antigens, suggesting that naturally acquired immunity exists within both the mucosal and systemic compartments. Influenza vaccination induced significantly stronger T cell responses in both PTs and blood, in addition to increasing titers of anti-influenza antibodies in serum and saliva. More-rapid proliferative responses of PTs after vaccination were associated with a shift from a response involving both CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells to an entirely CD45RO+-dependent response. Interestingly, the ratio of interferon- gamma to interleukin-5 was dramatically higher in cultures of PT T cells responding to influenza than in PBMCs. Our data indicate that parenteral influenza vaccination influences both mucosal and systemic naturally acquired T cell immunity.

Synthetic multi‐epitope peptides identified in silico induce protective immunity against multiple influenza serotypes

“…The current licensed influenza vaccine confers protection by inducing a prophylactic antibody response against the virus. There is evidence the vaccine also induces a specific T cell response [15]; however, several studies have shown that this response is significantly impaired in the elderly [16] and does not increase significantly the number of influenza-specific IFN-c-producing T cells in the general adult population [17]. Moreover, most T cell epitopes in influenza are found in its internal proteins, and the nature of the current vaccine preparation (i.e.…”

Absence of Mucosal Immunity in the Human Upper Respiratory Tract to the Commensal Bacteria Neisseria lactamica but Not Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the Peak Age of Nasopharyngeal Carriage

“…1, A-D and H). Depletion of CD19 ϩ cells also revealed a smaller proliferative response to Nl OMV that typically peaked later at days 4 -9, which is characteristic of cognate T cell proliferation (16,31) (Fig. 1C).…”

“…Responses to flu were measured as a positive control because the majority of children have been primed as a result of natural infection by influenza virus by 3 years of age (30). In addition, we have previously demonstrated flu-specific T cell responses in the PT over a wide range of ages (31).…”

“…1, A and G). The timing and magnitude of this response is more characteristic of a noncognate mitogenic kinetic (32) than T cell proliferation to a cognate Ag (16,31). It is consistently present and not confined to a single age group, occurring in cells derived from children and adults (Fig.…”

What Role Does the Route of Immunization Play in the Generation of Protective Immunity against Mucosal Pathogens?

“…vaccination with an inactivated virus (62). Another study found that parenteral immunization with influenza vaccine in humans could induce both systemic immunity (anti-influenza Ab in serum and Ag-specific CD4 ϩ T cells in PBMC) as well as IgA Abs in saliva and IFN-␥-secreting T cells in palatine tonsils (63). FluMist is the first live attenuated influenza vaccine and also the first nasally administered vaccine to be marketed in the United States for the prevention of flu in individuals 2-49 years of age (64).…”