Parental smoking exposure before and during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder risk: A Chinese child and adolescent cohort study

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious studies revealed that maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy was an essential risk factor for offspring developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The impact of paternal smoking exposure 1 year before pregnancy on offspring ADHD risk is still unclear.MethodsThe present study included 2,477 school-age children and their parents from the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Health Cohort who had complete data for offspring ADHD diagnosis and parents' smoking exposure before and during pregnancy information. A multivariate logistic regression model and Firth's logistic regression model were used to determine the associations of paternal smoking and parental smoke exposure patterns before and during pregnancy with offspring ADHD risk.ResultsChildren whose fathers smoked before pregnancy had a higher risk of developing ADHD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35–4.98] compared to those whose fathers had never been exposed to smoking. Similarly, parents who were exposed to smoking or second-hand smoke before pregnancy had 1.96 times (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.19–3.22) more likely to have offspring with ADHD. Moreover, children whose parents were exposed to smoking both before and during pregnancy were 2.01 times (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.29–3.12) more likely to develop ADHD.ConclusionPaternal smoking before pregnancy and parental smoking exposure 1 year ahead of and throughout pregnancy were all risk factors for offspring developing ADHD.

Determination of Electrolytes and Trace Elements in Biological Samples from Patients with Altered Semen Parameters: a Correlational Analysis

“…This is a significant study because it is the first in the region to examine the levels of electrolytes and essential trace element in biological samples (serum, blood, and seminal plasma) of healthy adult male subjects and infertility patients on the basis of spermiogram findings of both age groups (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) and (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45). Lower levels of electrolytes (Ca and Mg) and essential trace elements in seminal plasma, especially Zn and Se, are directly proportional to the increased production of reactive oxygen species, which may be associated with low sperm motility and male infertility.…”

“…The metabolism of various metal proteins and enzymes, including chromosome oxidation enzymes, lysine oxidation enzymes, dopamine hydroxylase, and cytochrome oxidation enzymes, depends on the presence of Cu [21]. Superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD) protect sperm cells from damaging reactions to reactive oxygen species and require Cu and Zn as cofactors [19,20] When consumed in large quantities, Cu is toxic to many cells, including human sperm.…”

“…Superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD) protect sperm cells from damaging reactions to reactive oxygen species and require Cu and Zn as cofactors [19,20] When consumed in large quantities, Cu is toxic to many cells, including human sperm. The prostate is the main source of plasma Cu [21].…”

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying NMDARs Dysfunction and Their Role in ADHD Pathogenesis

“…Another factor influencing the GRIN gene expression is prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) [ 82 ]. PNE is a well-studied ADHD risk factor, supported both by animal research [ 83 , 84 ] and by cohort studies [ 85 , 86 ]. All things considered, there may be a link between ADHD and altered GRIN gene expression, but further research is needed to confirm the association.…”