Parental smoking and asthma in childhood

Palmieri, M; Longobardi, Giovanni; Napolitano, Gaetana; Simonetti, D. M. L.

doi:10.1007/bf01959535

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…An American case-control study which measured urinary cotinine levels found a positive association with wheezing before the age of two years, but a non-significant inverse relationship thereafter 41. An Italian case-control study compared the effect of parental smoking before and after six years of age 22. The odds ratios for either parent smoking were 1.13 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.80) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.44), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies

Strachan

Cook

1998

Thorax

535

311

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Background-The relation of parental smoking to wheezing and asthma occurring after the first year of life was assessed by a systematic quantitative review of case-control and longitudinal studies, complementing earlier reviews of cross sectional surveys and wheezing in early childhood. Methods-Fifty one relevant publications were identified after consideration of 1593 abstracts selected by electronic search of the Embase and Medline databases using keywords relevant to passive smoking in children. The search was completed in April 1997 and identified six studies of asthma incidence, seven of prognosis, 22 case-control studies, and 10 case series addressing disease severity. Results-Maternal smoking was associated with an increased incidence of wheezing illness up to age 6 (pooled odds ratio 1.31, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.41), but less strongly thereafter (1.13, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.22). The long term prognosis of early wheezing illness was better if the mother smoked. The pooled odds ratio for asthma prevalence from 14 case-control studies was 1.37 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.64) if either parent smoked. Four studies suggest that parental smoking is more strongly associated with wheezing among non-atopic children. Indicators of disease severity including symptom scores, attack frequency, medication use, hospital attendance, and life threatening bronchospasm were in general positively related to household smoke exposure. Conclusions-The excess incidence of wheezing in smoking households appears to be largely non-atopic "wheezy bronchitis" with a relatively benign prognosis, but among children with established asthma, parental smoking is associated with more severe disease. This apparent paradox may be reconciled if environmental tobacco smoke is considered a co-factor provoking wheezing attacks, rather than a cause of the underlying asthmatic tendency.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies

Strachan

Cook

1998

Thorax

535

311

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“…A number of risk factors for obstructive LRD besides heredity have been identified in children, such as viral infections [7][8][9], environmental tobacco smoke [10][11][12][13][14], damp and cramped housing [15][16][17] and socio-economic factors [18], whereas breast-feeding seems to be protective [19][20][21][22].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospitalization for lower respiratory disease during 20 yrs among under 5 yr old children in Stockholm County: a population based survey

Wickman¹,

Farahmand²,

Persson³

et al. 1998

Eur Respir J

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Lower respiratory disease (LRD) is a common cause of hospitalization in infants, and episodes of obstructive LRD increase the risk for asthma later in life. The purpose of this study was to assess time trends and geographical variation of first time hospitalization for LRD among children in Stockholm County, Sweden. Data on first time admittance for LRD among children aged up to 5 yrs from 1973 through 1992 were obtained from the Stockholm County Council hospital discharge register, and population register data were used for estimation of the population at risk. Municipal data were available for 1982-1992 on outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and socio-economic factors. A total of 12,450 children had been hospitalized for the first time with LRD. For children aged <2 yrs a 100% increase in the rate of first time hospitalization for LRD was observed during the study period and children aged up to 1 yr predominated (50%). The average yearly increase in the population based first time hospital admission rate for LRD was 1.82%. Males constituted 65% of the cases. Of the diagnoses, 89.6% were consistent with obstructive LRD, e.g. asthma and obstructive bronchitis. In children aged up to 1 yr, peaks in the rate of hospitalization tended to coincide with outbreaks of RSV infections. Differences in hospitalization between municipalities seemed to be partly explained by differences in the admission practices of the four paediatric hospitals in the area. We conclude that the increased rate of hospitalization for lower respiratory disease in infants of Stockholm County may reflect a true increase in the incidence of obstructive respiratory disease. However, several factors determine admittance to hospital and the results need to be interpreted with caution.

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“…Despite many reports over the years, the disaster continues [6,10,13,15]. Tobacco companies have undermined and discredited the scientific consensus that passive smoking causes diseases (a three-judge panel of the Washington, DC, US Court of Appeals unanimously upheld a lower court ruling on Pediatricians should not hesitate to label tobacco as the most frequent agent of child maltreatment despite the lack of intentionality of the child's carers.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…They have double the rate of respiratory disorders than children living in a smoke-free environment. Even if a child does not suffer from asthma but lives with parents who both smoke, he or she will show a 40% higher probability of having bronchitis, pneumonia, or bronchiolitis [10,14]. Learning and behavioral development may be impaired because of frequent absences from school.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%