Parental Sex and Age-Their Effect on Pain Assessment of Young Children

Rosenbloom, Ehud; Goldman, Michael; Konki, Nissim; Edelman, Sigalit; Baram, Wendy; Kozer, Eran

doi:10.1097/pec.0b013e3182131438

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Notably, we found that this effect was driven by female participants. This finding is in some tension with that reported by Moon et al (2008), who found that fathers, but not mothers, rated the pain of their sons higher in a cold pressor task, as well as Rosenbloom et al (2011), who found no difference between fathers and mothers in ratings of their children's pain. However, the present study did not assess parental judgments of their own children's pain, but rather adult ratings of an unrelated child's pain.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

“…To date, this possibility has received little empirical attention. Among the studies that do exist, the primary focus has often been on the gender of the adult observer (e.g., comparing pain ratings of mothers and fathers; Rosenbloom et al, 2011;Vervoort, Huguet, Verhoeven, & Goubert, 2011). By contrast, when the child's gender has been the focus, the child's actual and perceived gender are typically confounded, because the child's gender is known to the adult (e.g., Moon et al, 2008).…”

Section: Gender Bias In Pediatric Pain Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Bias in Pediatric Pain Assessment

Earp¹,

Monrad²,

LaFrance³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Objective: Observer rating of pain is central to diagnosis and treatment in healthcare, especially in pediatrics. However, there are few studies examining potential biases in observer ratings of pediatric pain. Cohen et al. (2014) reported that adult participants rated a video of a child undergoing a needle stick as experiencing more pain when the child was described as a boy as compared to a girl, suggesting a possible gender bias. To confirm, clarify, and extend this finding, we conducted a replication experiment and follow-up study examining the role of explicit gender stereotypes in shaping such asymmetric judgments. Method: In an independent, pre-registered, direct replication and extension study with open data and materials (osf.io/6tj58), we showed participants the same video from Cohen et al. (2014), with the child described as a boy or a girl depending on condition. We then asked adults to rate how much pain the child experienced and displayed, how typical the child was in these respects, and how much they agreed with explicit gender stereotypes concerning pain response in boys versus girls. Results: Similar to Cohen et al. (2014), but with a larger and more demographically diverse sample, we found that the ‘boy’ was rated as experiencing more pain than the ‘girl’ despite identical clinical circumstances and identical pain behavior cross conditions. Controlling for explicit gender stereotypes eliminated the effect. Conclusions: Explicit gender stereotypes—e.g., that boys are more ‘stoic’ or girls are more emotive—may bias adult assessment of children’s pain.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Section: Gender Bias In Pediatric Pain Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Bias in Pediatric Pain Assessment

Earp¹,

Monrad²,

LaFrance³

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also, we analysed pain experiences reported by parents without formally assessing sex/gender interactions in parental perceptions of pain and suffering. There are conflicting findings on whether mothers and fathers report girls' and boys' pain experiences differently (Earp et al, 2019 ; Moon et al, 2008 ; Rosenbloom et al, 2011 ). In this cohort, we ran the same analysis using only mother reported profiles and the estimates remained similar (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refining the prediction of multisite pain in 13‐year‐old boys and girls by using parent‐reported pain experiences in the first decade of life

Lucas

Brandão

Gorito

et al. 2021

European Journal of Pain

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“…This scale is commonly used to assess pain in adults. Using VAS by an observer in order to assess pain in children is commonly used [ 20 , 21 ] yet controversial. Several studies suggest that VAS assessment in children, especially when performed by an observer is an unreliable measure, [ 22 ] and does not correlate with the child's self-reported level of pain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of oral ketamine compared to midazolam for sedation of children undergoing laceration repair

et al. 2016

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Objective: To assess the efficacy of oral ketamine versus oral midazolam for sedation during laceration repair at a pediatric emergency department.Methods: Children between 1 and 10 years requiring laceration repair were randomly assigned to 2 groups, treated either with oral midazolam (0.7 mg/kg) or with oral ketamine (5 mg/kg).Main outcomes measured were level of pain during local anesthesia, as assessed by the parent on a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) and the number of children who required intravenous sedation. Secondary outcomes included VAS by physician, pain assessment by child, maximal sedation depth assessed by the University of Michigan Sedation Scale, time until University of Michigan Sedation Scale 2 or more, general satisfaction of a parent and treating physician, length of procedure, total sedation time, and the incidence of any adverse events.Results: Sixty-eight children were recruited of which 33 were girls. Average age was 5.08 ± 2.14 years. Thirty-seven children were treated with ketamine and 31 with midazolam. Parent-assessed VAS in ketamine treated patients was 5.07 ± 0.75 compared with 3.68 ± 0.7 in midazolam treated patients [mean difference = 1.39 95% confidence interval (CI) –0.47 to 3.26]. Twelve (32%) of the children treated with ketamine required the addition of IV sedation compared to only 2 children (6%) of the children treated with midazolam [odds ratio (adjusted for age and gender) 6.1, 95% CI: 1.2 to 30.5]. The rest of the measured variables were similar between the groups, with no statistical significance.Discussion: No difference in the level of pain was found between ketamine and midazolam treated patients. Compared with oral midazolam (0.7 mg/kg), oral ketamine (5 mg/kg) was associated with higher rates of sedation failure, and thus is not recommended as a single agent for oral sedation in children requiring laceration repair.

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Parental Sex and Age-Their Effect on Pain Assessment of Young Children

Abstract: Fathers and mothers do not differ in their evaluation of their children's rating of pain. Younger parents, compared with older ones, tend to evaluate pain as more severe.

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Gender Bias in Pediatric Pain Assessment

Gender Bias in Pediatric Pain Assessment

Refining the prediction of multisite pain in 13‐year‐old boys and girls by using parent‐reported pain experiences in the first decade of life

Efficacy of oral ketamine compared to midazolam for sedation of children undergoing laceration repair

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