Parental Rules and Monitoring of Children’s Movie Viewing Associated With Children’s Risk for Smoking and Drinking

Dalton, Madeline A.; Adachi-Mejia, Anna M.; Longacre, Meghan R.; Titus-Ernstoff, Linda; Gibson, Jennifer J.; Martin, Susan K.; Sargent, James D.; Beach, Michael L.

doi:10.1542/peds.2005-3082

Cited by 82 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Pediatricians should counsel parents to recognize the importance of the media, exert control over their children's media choices, keep their children's bedrooms free of TVs and Internet connections, and avoid letting their children see PG-13-and R-rated movies that are inappropriate for them. 61,87,88 Pediatricians and parents also need to be aware of the importance of social networking sites and how they work so that they can effectively counsel children and adolescents about them. 89 3.…”

Section: Positive Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media

Strasburger¹

2010

Pediatrics

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From a health viewpoint, early sexual activity among US adolescents is a potential problem because of the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. New evidence points to the media adolescents use frequently (television, music, movies, magazines, and the Internet) as important factors in the initiation of sexual intercourse. There is a major disconnect between what mainstream media portray-casual sex and sexuality with no consequences-and what children and teenagers need-straightforward information about human sexuality and the need for contraception when having sex. Television, film, music, and the Internet are all becoming increasingly sexually explicit, yet information on abstinence, sexual responsibility, and birth control remains rare. It is unwise to promote "abstinence-only" sex education when it has been shown to be ineffective and when the media have become such an important source of information about "nonabstinence." Recommendations are presented to help pediatricians address this important issue. Pediatrics 2010;126:576-582 INTRODUCTIONEarly sexual activity among teenagers can be problematic. According to the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 46% of all high school seniors have had sexual intercourse, and 14% have had 4 partners or more. 1 Although pregnancy rates have generally been decreasing since 1991, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the Western world, 2 and for the first time in 15 years, the birth rate increased 3% from 2005 to 2006. 3 Early intercourse also increases the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, and adolescents have one of the highest STI rates of any age group. 4 Although 15-to 24-year-olds account for only one-quarter of the sexually active population in the United States, they contract nearly half of all new STIs every year. 4 A recent study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that 1 in 4 teenagers has had an STI. 5 Ten percent of young women who had first had sex in their teenage years reported that their first time was involuntary, and the younger they were, the more likely that was the case. 6 WHAT CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS LEARN FROM THE MEDIAAmerican children and teenagers spend more than 7 hours/day with a variety of different media. 7 Those media are filled with sexual messages and images, many of which are unrealistic. 2 On television (TV), which remains the predominant medium in terms of time spent for all young people, more than 75% of prime-time programs contain sexual THE COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA

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Section: Positive Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media

Strasburger¹

2010

Pediatrics

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“…Firstly, it has been demonstrated in multiple prospective studies that adolescents who experience parental restrictions on adult-rated films (eg, BBFC 18 or MPAA R) have less exposure to smoking and drinking in films and lower rates of smoking and drinking themselves. 2,3,9,10,[33][34][35] Furthermore, these associations are independent of the effect of parenting effectiveness as it is usually measured, 9 raising the possibility that motivating and assisting parents to implement media restrictions between late childhood and early adolescence could have a positive impact on early-onset use of multiple Exposure = Duration of AUFs (vs #27 min). Model 1 = age and gender (N = 5163).…”

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confidence: 99%

Alcohol Use in Films and Adolescent Alcohol Use

2015

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether exposure to alcohol use in films (AUFs) is associated with early alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol-related problems in British adolescents.METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 5163 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the United Kingdom. We measured adolescent exposure to AUFs, age at onset of alcohol use, and binge-drinking behavior. We adjusted for early childhood social, family and behavioral factors, adolescent tobacco use, and peer drinking. RESULTS:After adjustment, adolescents with the highest exposure to AUFs were 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.3) times more likely to have tried alcohol compared with those least exposed and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.5-2.0) times more likely to binge drink. They were 2.4 (95% CI: 1.9-3.1) times more likely to drink weekly and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.7-2.4) times more likely to have alcohol-related problems than those least exposed.CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to AUFs is associated with higher risk of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in UK adolescents. Our findings provide evidence to support the argument that a review of film-rating categories and alcohol ratings for all films may help reduce problemrelated alcohol consumption in young people. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Exposure to risky behavior in the media is associated with increased risky behavior during adolescence. To date, published studies have not adjusted results for early childhood confounders in this literature. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Our findings confirm associations between adolescent alcohol use in the United Kingdom and exposure to alcohol use in films consistent with other global studies, even after controlling for early childhood confounding influences. Dr Waylen designed the study and drafted the initial manuscript; Dr Leary carried out the analyses and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Ness conceptualized the study within this UK cohort and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Sargent conceptualized the study and critically reviewed the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.This publication is the work of the authors, and Dr Waylen will serve as guarantor for the contents of this article. Scotland) and concluded that, even after adjustment for a range of contemporaneous confounders, exposure to AUF was associated with an increased risk of trying alcohol and binge drinking. 15 Neither these nor any of the other previously published studies has adjusted for the many early childhood exposures and characteristics that might affect life course trajectories and confound the movie alcohol exposure-youth alcohol consumption association. We used data collected prospectively during pre-and postnatal and early childhood assessments from a large UK cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to examine associations between exposure to AUF and adolescent alcohol use at 15 years after adjusting for early childhood confounding influences. METHODSALSPAC is a prospective st...

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“…29, [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] According to a new meta-analysis, it may account for nearly half of smoking initiation in young teenagers. 80 In fact, exposure to movie smoking may even trump parents' smoking status as being the key factor in adolescents' initiation of smoking. 73 A prospective study of more than 3500 teenagers revealed that exposure to R-rated movies doubles the risk of smoking, even when controlling for all other known factors.…”

Section: Drugs In Entertainment Media Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…79 Preadolescents whose parents forbid them from seeing R-rated movies are less likely to begin smoking (or drinking). 80 A study of 735 12-to 14-year-olds, with a 2-year follow-up, revealed that exposure to R-rated movies or having a television in the bedroom significantly increased the risk of smoking initiation for white teenagers. 81 The movie effect seems not to be confined to US teenagers but applies also to teenagers from other countries as well.…”

Section: Drugs In Entertainment Media Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children, Adolescents, Substance Abuse, and the Media

Strasburger¹

2010

Pediatrics

141

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The causes of adolescent substance use are multifactorial, but the media can play a key role. Tobacco and alcohol represent the 2 most significant drug threats to adolescents. More than $25 billion per year is spent on advertising for tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs, and such advertising has been shown to be effective. Digital media are increasingly being used to advertise drugs. In addition, exposure to PG-13-and R-rated movies at an early age may be a major factor in the onset of adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a ban on all tobacco advertising in all media, limitations on alcohol advertising, avoiding exposure of young children to substance-related (tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, illegal drugs) content on television and in PG-13-and R-rated movies, incorporating the topic of advertising and media into all substance abuseprevention programs, and implementing media education programs in the classroom. Pediatrics 2010;126:791-799 INTRODUCTIONAlthough parents, schools, and the federal government are trying to get children and teenagers to "just say no" to drugs, more than $25 billion worth of cigarette, alcohol, and prescription drug advertising is effectively working to get them to "just say yes" to smoking, drinking, and other drugs. 1,2 In addition, television programs and movies contain appreciable amounts of substance use. Unlike traditional advertising, media depictions of legal drugs are generally positive and invite no criticism, because they are not viewed as advertising. 3 The result is that young people receive mixed messages about substance use, and the media contribute significantly to the risk that young people will engage in substance use. ADOLESCENT DRUG USEAlthough illegal drugs take their toll on American society, 2 legal drugs-alcohol and tobacco-pose perhaps the greatest danger to children and teenagers. Both represent significant gateway drugs and are among the earliest drugs used by children or teenagers. A preadolescent or adolescent who smokes tobacco or drinks alcohol is 65 times more likely to use marijuana, for example, than someone who abstains. 4 The younger the age at which experimentation occurs, the greater the risk of serious health problems. 5 Every year, more than 400 000 Americans die from illnesses directly related to cigarette use-more than from AIDS, car crashes, murder, and suicide combined. 6 More than 100 000 deaths annually can be attributed to exces-THE COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA

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Parental Rules and Monitoring of Children’s Movie Viewing Associated With Children’s Risk for Smoking and Drinking

Cited by 82 publications

References 63 publications

Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media

Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media

Alcohol Use in Films and Adolescent Alcohol Use

Children, Adolescents, Substance Abuse, and the Media

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