Parental Mental Health, Gender, and Lifestyle Effects on Post-Pandemic Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Problems: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northern Italy

Abstract

Background: The exacerbation of psychosocial problems among children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic necessitates an assessment of the long-term mental health impact of pandemic interventions. Focusing on both pandemic-related factors and demographic variables, such as gender and daily habits, an analysis was conducted to under-stand how these elements continue to affect young populations in the post-pandemic era. Methods: In April 2023, a comprehensive online survey was administered to families in South Tyrol, Italy, with children aged 7–19 years, to ensure age and gender representation. The survey included par-ent ratings and adolescent (11–19 years) self-reports using standardized instruments to measure the symptoms of mental health problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ), anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, SCARED), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2, PHQ-2). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs). Results: Of the 4,525 valid responses, 1,831 were self-reported by adolescents. Notable gender differences in mental health outcomes were identified, along with significant demographic predictors, such as age, single parenthood, parental mental health problems, and immigrant background. Negative effects were associated with reduced family climate and increased screen time, whereas physical activity showed beneficial effects. Proxy reports overestimated adolescents' mental health problems, whereas self-report tended to underestimate them. Conclusions: Persistent mental health problems and gender disparities high-light the need for a public health approach. This should include accessible support services, resili-ence building, targeted support for vulnerable families and gender-specific interventions.

Integrating a Strategic Framework to Improve Health Education in Schools in South Tyrol, Italy

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has left a lasting mark on the mental health of youth in South Tyrol, particularly among adolescents. Two prominent challenges that emerged during and after the pandemic—persistent mental health problems and vaccine hesitancy—illustrate the need for change [ 4 , 8 , 11 ]. While the immediate crisis highlighted low vaccine uptake and the need for acute psychosocial support for youth, it also revealed gaps in health literacy and preventive measures.…”

“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, South Tyrol, like other parts of the world, experienced an increase in mental health challenges, particularly among adolescents. Barbieri et al [ 11 ] highlighted the persistence of high levels of psychosocial problems among children and adolescents in the region. This study showed that the psychological impact of the pandemic may have long-lasting effects on young people’s mental well-being.…”

“…In contrast, the Italian Directorate of Education in South Tyrol does not have this specific role and relies more on external psychologists claiming this approach provides a clearly defined expert as a contact point. In surveys on mental health [ 11 ], some parents of students in German schools have expressed the need for more direct access to external experts. Despite the permanent presence of social pedagogues, these professionals may be seen as lacking the neutrality of an external consultant.…”

“…The multilingual composition of the region not only influences public health communication but also plays a role in addressing broader health challenges, including mental health issues that have persisted among children and adolescents after the COVID-19 pandemic [ 11 ]. The diverse cultural and linguistic environment of South Tyrol requires adapted educational strategies that go beyond traditional health topics to include mental health awareness, management of screen time, and promotion of physical activity [ 12 , 13 ].…”