Parental Influence on Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Review

Mother‐child verbal interaction and children's ability level

“…W hile it has been noted that parental influences on cognition may be found in the social interaction between parent and child (Bandura, 1977;Bausell & Bausell, 1979;Bernstein, 1961;Freeberg & Payne, 1967;Hess & Shipman, 1969;Vygotsky, 1986Vygotsky, , 1978Wertsch, 1979, few studies have examined differences in parentchild interaction in relation to student performance with school-aged children (Portes, 1984. A developmentallybased theory geared towards unraveling the dynamic role of family interaction in relation to various levels and domains of intellectual achievement is still to be formalized and tested.…”

High-Risk Infants of Teenage Mothers: Later Candidates for Special Education Placements?

“…Teenagers aged 13-16 appear the most vulnerable age group according to the Ten-State Nutritional Survey (Kafatos, Christakis, & Fordyce, 1981 Researchers have found that the interaction of the mother with the child during the first three years of life affects the child's cognitive development. (See review articles, Moon-Hi, 1976;Freeberg and Payne, 1968). In addition, the mother's interaction is influenced by social class (Hess & Shipman, 1965;Tulkin, 1977;Moon-Hi, 1976) and by cultural background (Steward & Steward, 1973;Caudill & Weinstein, 1969;Freedman, 1978).…”

Parenting the Intellectually Gifted Preschool Child

“…Motivation is at least as important as high ability in the development of potential achievement in the gifted individual, and the roots of mastery motivation and achievement motivation undoubtedly lie in the early years (Freeburg & Payne, 1967;Geppert & Kiister, 1983). Previous research with older gifted children has suggested that parental encouragement of independence and other parenting characteristics evident during the preschooler's formative years are central to this aspect of development.…”