Parental Incarceration and Child Mortality in Denmark

Wildeman, Christopher; Andersen, Signe Hald; Lee, Hedwig; Karlson, Kristian Bernt

doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301590

Cited by 58 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…4 International research reveals that people who experience incarceration have poor health compared with the general population, including higher rates of mental illness, substance use disorders, infectious diseases and injury. [5][6][7] An emerging body of literature identifies ways to improve health in this population, both in custody and after release, 8 and empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that such interventions could benefit all of society by decreasing health care costs, 9 improving health in the general population, [9][10][11][12][13][14] improving public safety 9 and decreasing reincarceration. 9,15,16 In Canada, there is a lack of data on many indicators of health for people who experience incarceration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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Background:We aimed to define rates and causes of death in custody and after release in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario, and to compare these data with data for the general population. Methods:We linked data on adults admitted to provincial custody in Ontario in 2000 with data on deaths between 2000 and 2012. We examined rates and causes of death by age, sex, custodial status and period after release, and compared them with data for the general population, using indirect adjustment for age.Results: Between 2000 and 2012, 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3%-8.8%) of those incarcerated died in provincial custody or after release. The crude death rate was 7.1 (95% CI 6.9-7.3) per 1000 person-years. The standardized mortality ratio for those incarcerated in 2000 was 4.0 (95% CI 3.9-4.1) overall and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5-2.4) while in provincial custody. The most common causes of death were injury and poisoning (38.2% of all deaths), including overdose (13.6%) and suicide (8.2%), diseases of the circulatory system (15.8%) and neoplasms (14.5%). In the 2 weeks after release, the standardized mortality ratio was 5.7 overall and 56.0 for overdose. Life expectancy was 72.3 years for women and 73.4 for men who experienced incarceration in 2000. Interpretation:Mortality was high for people who experienced incarceration, and life expectancy was 4.2 years less for men and 10.6 years less for women compared with the general population. Efforts should be made to reduce the gap in mortality between people who experience incarceration and those who do not. Time in custody could serve as an opportunity to intervene to decrease risk. Abstract Research CMAJ OPEN E154CMAJ OPEN, 4(2) sentenced) or incarcerated (i.e., sentenced); in this article we use the term incarcerated to represent both of these groups.

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confidence: 99%

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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“…Different as they are, research on the consequences of paternal incarceration for children in Denmark has been highly consistent with recent research in the United States. Danish research has shown, for instance, that paternal incarceration increases the risk of foster care placement (Andersen and Wildeman, ) and child mortality (Wildeman et al., ). Although these are not oft‐considered associations in the U.S. context (but see Wildeman, ), the broader association between paternal incarceration and well‐being from childhood to early adulthood has been tested extensively in the U.S. context, with results consistent with what has been found in the Danish context (e.g., Foster and Hagan, ).…”

Section: The Danish Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal Incarceration and Children's Risk of Being Charged by Early Adulthood: Evidence From a Danish Policy Shock*

Wildeman

Andersen

2016

Criminology

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In this article, we exploit a Danish criminal justice reform that dramatically decreased the risk of incarceration for individuals convicted of some types of crimes to isolate how having a father who was eligible for a noncustodial sentence under the reform affected a child's risk of ever subsequently being charged with a crime. Specifically, we use a difference‐in‐differences framework to compare all Danish children 12–18 years of age whose fathers were eligible for a noncustodial sentence instead of incarceration under the reform [N = 1,546] with a reference group of children whose fathers were convicted of similar crimes but were ineligible [N = 1,852] in the 2 years surrounding when the reform was enacted [July 1, 2000] as a way of testing the effects of the reform on children's risk of ever being charged with a crime by 22–28 years of age. Our estimates indicate that having a father sentenced under the reform sharply decreased the risk of being charged in the next 10 years for boys but not for girls. Taken together, these results indicate that both paternal criminality and paternal incarceration promote the criminal justice contact of male children and, hence, that paternal incarceration is not solely a symptom of criminality but also a cause of it.

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“…The mass incarceration of parents in the United States is a rapidly growing problem with issues of race and ethnic disparities and poor outcomes for children of incarcerated parents (Foster & Hagan, 2009; Huq, 2015; Wildeman, 2012, 2014). Mass incarceration impacts child mortality (Wildeman, Andersen, Lee, & Karlson, 2014) and population health (Dumont, Brockmann, Dickman, Alexander, & Rich, 2012; Wildeman, 2012). Women with family members who were currently incarcerated had increased odds of being obese, having had a heart attack or stroke, and being in fair or poor health (H.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female children with incarcerated adult family members at risk for lifelong neurological decline

Brewer-Smyth

Pohlig

Bucurescu

2016

Health Care for Women International

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A secondary analysis of data from adult female prison inmates in the mid-Atlantic United States defined relationships between having incarcerated adult family members during childhood and neurological outcomes. Of 135 inmates, 99(73%) had one or more incarcerated adult family members during childhood. Regression analyses revealed that having incarcerated adult family members was related to greater frequency and severity of childhood abuse and higher incidence of neurological deficits in adulthood, especially related to traumatic brain injuries, compared to those without incarcerated adult family members. Along with being role models, adult family members impact the neurological health of children throughout their lifespan.

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Parental Incarceration and Child Mortality in Denmark

Abstract: These results indicate that the incarceration of a parent may influence child mortality but that it is important to consider the gender of both the child and the incarcerated parent.

Cited by 58 publications

References 39 publications

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

Paternal Incarceration and Children's Risk of Being Charged by Early Adulthood: Evidence From a Danish Policy Shock*

Female children with incarcerated adult family members at risk for lifelong neurological decline

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