Parental exposure to sulfamethazine and nanoplastics alters the gut microbial communities in the offspring of marine madaka (Oryzias melastigma)

Combined Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Enrofloxacin on the Life Histories and Gut Microbiota of Daphnia magna

“…For example, the parental exposure of marine fish (Oryzias melastigma) to sulfamethazine (4.62 mg × g −1 ) may negatively affect the growth performance in adults [14,85]. In the case of enrofloxacin, the decrease in all the measured life history parameters is consistent with the numerous earlier studies performed on fish [23,85] and Daphnia [75]. Another study revealed the negative effect of tetracycline (1 µg × L −1 ) on the reproduction and survival of D. magna [75].…”

“…In the case of the NPs, these results may have been caused by the clogging of the filtration appendages and the gut which, in turn, results in decreasing the filtration and assimilation rate, as demonstrated in several earlier studies, e.g., in [76]. These findings are consistent with a great number of earlier studies in which the presence of NPs suspended in water alters the life history traits of various animals, and that these alterations are manifold [13], including a reduction in the body size of adult and juvenile individuals, reproduction (i.e., decreased numbers and body size of neonates), the individual growth rate and survival of freshwater, e.g., in [77], and saline lakes, e.g., in [78], planktonic animals, cnidarians [79], and fishes, e.g., in [23,80], although other studies did not find any effect of an acute exposure on the life history parameters, including negligible effects on the survival rate and development of Danio rerio, e.g., in [81], on the survival and individual growth rate of Gammarus pulex [82].…”

“…We are aware of only two earlier studies in which the combined effect of the NPs and antibiotics on the life history parameters was determined [23,87]. While the first study revealed that the effect of tetracycline on the dry weight of E. crypticus after a seven-day exposure was stronger in the presence of polystyrene [87], the second study revealed that the adverse impact of the mixture of polystyrene NPs and sulfamethazine on the dry weight in the O. melastigma was weaker than the sole effect of the NPs [23].…”

“…In fact, it has been revealed that most of the combined toxic effects are not simply additive, but rather synergistic or antagonistic [20]. On the other hand, NPs may decrease the toxicity of other pollutants by absorbing and then agglomerating them to form larger particles, reducing the ease of uptake by organisms [21][22][23]. Additionally, their presence may cause an enhancement of toxicity occurring from the on-surface pre-concentration ("The Trojan horse effect") [22,24].…”

“…Other examples concern their concentrations in surface waters (up to 248 ng L −1 [44]), in groundwater [45], and up to 7.7 mg kg −1 in sediments [46]. Some published studies have investigated the combined effect of NPs and antibiotics on cyanobacteria [47], algae [48], bivalvia [49], and fish [23,24,50,51]. However, there are no reviews yet on other aquatic organisms, including planktonic animals such as D. magna, a keystone species in the food webs of fishless ponds.…”