Parental education and child health: Intracountry evidence

Cochrane, Susan; Leslie, Joanne; O’Hara, Donald J.

doi:10.1016/0165-2281(82)90011-x

Cited by 169 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Not only does it contribute towards productivity improvement (Schultz 1998;Orazem and King 2008), it is also fundamental to other factors determining development such as health (Cochrane et al, 1982;Kippersluis et al, 2011), fertility (Osili and Long, 2008;Wolpin and Todd, 2006) and civic participation (Castelló-Climent, 2008;Dee, 2004;Glaeser et al, 2007). Recent evidence has pointed that education also contributes to vulnerability reduction in the context of climate change Muttarak and Lutz, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Returns to Education: Does Schooling Contribute to Pro-Environmental Behaviours? Evidence from Thailand

Chankrajang

Muttarak

2017

Ecological Economics

158

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We investigate whether there are green returns to education, where formal education encourages pro-environmental behaviours using nationally representative surveys on environmental issues in Thailand. To establish the causal relationship between education and green behaviours, we exploit the instrumental variables strategy using the supply of state primary schooling i.e. the corresponding number of teachers per 1000 children, which varies over time and across regions as the instrument, while controlling for regional, cohort and income effects. We find that more years of schooling lead to a greater probability of taking knowledge-based environmentallyfriendly actions a great deal, but not cost-saving pro-environmental actions. In addition, the paper finds no significant impact of formal education on concern about global warming nor the willingness to pay for environmental tax.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Returns to Education: Does Schooling Contribute to Pro-Environmental Behaviours? Evidence from Thailand

Chankrajang

Muttarak

2017

Ecological Economics

158

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“…It follows that TS individuals will have the fewest offspring (0 > σ 2 > σ 1 ). Education is correlated with certain fitness benefits, including decreased infant mortality and increased access to health care (48)(49)(50), but in several countries fertility is estimated to be lower among women who have completed secondary school (compared with those who complete primary school), with a range of 30-51% fewer children on average (46,51). Here, individuals who combine a belief in the importance of secondary education (T) and a preference for completing school before childbirth (S) leave fewer offspring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity in models of cultural niche construction with selection and homophily

Creanza

Feldman

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Niche construction is the process by which organisms can alter the ecological environment for themselves, their descendants, and other species. As a result of niche construction, differences in selection pressures may be inherited across generations. Homophily, the tendency of like phenotypes to mate or preferentially associate, influences the evolutionary dynamics of these systems. Here we develop a model that includes selection and homophily as independent culturally transmitted traits that influence the fitness and mate choice determined by another focal cultural trait. We study the joint dynamics of a focal set of beliefs, a behavior that can differentially influence the fitness of those with certain beliefs, and a preference for partnering based on similar beliefs. Cultural transmission, selection, and homophily interact to produce complex evolutionary dynamics, including oscillations, stable polymorphisms of all cultural phenotypes, and simultaneous stability of oscillation and fixation, which have not previously been observed in models of cultural evolution or gene-culture interactions. We discuss applications of this model to the interaction of beliefs and behaviors regarding education, contraception, and animal domestication. T hroughout history, humans have dramatically modified their ecological niche, for example by constructing densely populated settlements, using agriculture, and domesticating animals. This niche construction, which has involved major cultural changes, has influenced our own evolution and that of other species (1-4) by affecting the selective forces that act on human populations. A classic example of this gene-culture coevolution is the spread of dairy farming through Europe and the corresponding increase in the allele frequency of the lactase persistence gene, which enables humans to digest milk into adulthood (5-9). Less widely studied is the evolutionary pressure that one culturally transmitted behavior can exert on another cultural trait, either by altering the rate of transmission or the fitnesses of variants of the latter; this has been called cultural niche construction (4, 10).Assortative mating (homophily), where individuals that share a trait are more likely to mate with one another (11-14), and fitness differences may both affect the evolutionary trajectory of a population. In a previous model of cultural niche construction (15), we considered two dichotomous cultural traits, one that determined a cultural phenotype and one niche-constructing trait that controlled the level of selection and assorting on the other trait. In that model, assorting and selection could induce complex evolutionary dynamics, including stable polymorphisms and multiple simultaneously stable equilibria. Polymorphisms were only possible when the three evolutionary forces in the model interacted: fitness differences between phenotypes, assortative mating, and non-Mendelian transmission of at least one trait. The two elements of cultural niche construction in that model-the levels of selection and as...

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“…A cross-sectional study conducted in Taiwan that included 3,273 children aged 6-11 reported that having a father with a manual occupation was associated with an increased risk for cutaneous warts [19]. Health awareness and good hygiene standards within the family are known to be affected by an individual's education and occupation; the educated parent will seek medical help if his or her child has a wart [20,21]. This attitude, however, is unlikely to reduce the incidence of warts, although it may reduce the prevalence through early diagnosis and treatment [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Verruca Vulgaris among Primary School Children in Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Allayali¹,

Fallatah²,

Alorfi³

et al. 2017

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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Skin diseases are common contributors to disease morbidity worldwide, particularly among school children. Although skin diseases are rarely lethal, they can have a significant impact in terms of treatment cost, absence from school, and psychological distress. Verruca vulgaris (cutaneous warts) is a common skin problem in children that commonly affects the hands and feet.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of warts among primary school children in Saudi Arabia to compare characteristics between children with and those without warts and to investigate the possible risk factors associated with the development of warts.Method: This school-based, cross-sectional study conducted among primary school children in the cities of Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia included 730 children, 298 males and 432 females, with mean age 11.2 ± 1.5 years from 15 randomly chosen public and private primary schools: eight public schools (four boys' and four girls') and two private schools (one boys' and one girls' school) from Madinah and five girls' schools from Jeddah (four public and one private). We collected data via interviews and a questionnaire and through the examination of each child's hands, feet, head, and neck for warts. Results:Our results showed that the prevalence of warts was 9.04%. Approximately 65% of the children with warts were boys. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of the children were found to have acute diseases. Boys and girls significantly differed regarding de novo and recurrent warts, with a higher proportion of de novo warts observed in boys. Boys tended to have a greater number of warts than girls, with the warts being smaller in size and persisting for longer durations, although these differences were not statistically significant. Risk factors were shown to be male sex, attending a public school, a large family size, smoking, working, sports activities, and handling domestic and farm animals at home. Having a highly-educated father appeared to reduce the risk. Conclusion:This study revealed a high prevalence of warts among primary school children in Madinah and Jeddah and elucidated the risk factors for the development of warts. This may help in the development of effective health messages about methods for preventing skin diseases. Keywords: Human papilloma virus; Plane warts; Verruca vulgaris Aim and ObjectivesAim: The aim of this study was to provide recent and valuable information about the epidemiology of verruca vulgaris among primary school children in Madinah and Jeddah. The information obtained will help to fill a gap in Saudi medical literature concerning this common skin disorder among school children and to tailor a health education program to combat it.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of warts among primary school children.To compare the characteristics of the participating children between those with and those without common warts.To investigate the possible risk factors associated with the development of warts among children.

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Parental education and child health: Intracountry evidence

Cited by 169 publications

References 12 publications

Green Returns to Education: Does Schooling Contribute to Pro-Environmental Behaviours? Evidence from Thailand

Green Returns to Education: Does Schooling Contribute to Pro-Environmental Behaviours? Evidence from Thailand

Complexity in models of cultural niche construction with selection and homophily

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Verruca Vulgaris among Primary School Children in Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

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