Abstract:BACKGROUND: Underimmunization of certain immigrant populations can place them at high risk of experiencing vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks.
“…In response to the steady decline in naturally acquired HAV immunity especially in children in many parts of the world, some countries have introduced universal childhood vaccination programmes in recent years 9 , 17 – 20 , 63 , 64 . The WHO suggests a vaccination strategy according to the HAV endemicity of the particular region 65 – 68 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, due to the relatively high infectivity of HAV together with a low rate of HAV immunity (lack of herd immunity), the outbreak potential in children is significant. Thirdly, HAV infections in children are mainly mild or even asymptomatic but are still quite common, so that numerous infections can go unnoticed which further promotes the spread of HAV 4 – 9 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Available hepatitis A virus vaccines are safe and highly effective and employed for routine childhood vaccination programs in some parts of the world 9 , 17 – 20 .…”
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease with a global distribution. It predominantly occurs in regions with inadequate living conditions, but also affects populations in industrialised countries. Children are frequently involved in the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and thus play a central role in the epidemiology of hepatitis A. Here, we investigated HAV infections, immunisations, and associated demographic determinants in a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted in Germany from 2003–2006. Out of 17,640 children and adolescents, complete data sets (HAV serology, demographic information and vaccination card) were available for 12,249 (69%), all aged 3–17 years. We found protective antibody levels (>=20 IU/L) in 1,755 (14%) individuals, 1,395 (11%) were vaccinated against hepatitis A, 360 (3%) individuals were HAV seropositive without prior hepatitis A vaccination, thus indicating a previous HAV infection. Antibody prevalence (attributable to vaccination or infection) increased significantly with age. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that predominantly children and adolescents with migration background–even if they were born in Germany–are affected by HAV infections. Our results provide a rationale to emphasise existing vaccination recommendations and, moreover, to consider additional groups with a higher risk of infection for targeted vaccination, especially children with a migration background.
“…In response to the steady decline in naturally acquired HAV immunity especially in children in many parts of the world, some countries have introduced universal childhood vaccination programmes in recent years 9 , 17 – 20 , 63 , 64 . The WHO suggests a vaccination strategy according to the HAV endemicity of the particular region 65 – 68 .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, due to the relatively high infectivity of HAV together with a low rate of HAV immunity (lack of herd immunity), the outbreak potential in children is significant. Thirdly, HAV infections in children are mainly mild or even asymptomatic but are still quite common, so that numerous infections can go unnoticed which further promotes the spread of HAV 4 – 9 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Available hepatitis A virus vaccines are safe and highly effective and employed for routine childhood vaccination programs in some parts of the world 9 , 17 – 20 .…”
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease with a global distribution. It predominantly occurs in regions with inadequate living conditions, but also affects populations in industrialised countries. Children are frequently involved in the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and thus play a central role in the epidemiology of hepatitis A. Here, we investigated HAV infections, immunisations, and associated demographic determinants in a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted in Germany from 2003–2006. Out of 17,640 children and adolescents, complete data sets (HAV serology, demographic information and vaccination card) were available for 12,249 (69%), all aged 3–17 years. We found protective antibody levels (>=20 IU/L) in 1,755 (14%) individuals, 1,395 (11%) were vaccinated against hepatitis A, 360 (3%) individuals were HAV seropositive without prior hepatitis A vaccination, thus indicating a previous HAV infection. Antibody prevalence (attributable to vaccination or infection) increased significantly with age. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that predominantly children and adolescents with migration background–even if they were born in Germany–are affected by HAV infections. Our results provide a rationale to emphasise existing vaccination recommendations and, moreover, to consider additional groups with a higher risk of infection for targeted vaccination, especially children with a migration background.
“…Cultural beliefs, health beliefs, prior experiences, and language proficiency of the host country contribute to the lower likelihood that FSU immigrant women and older people (less literature is available about male FSU immigrants) choose to participate in preventative activities such as diagnostic screenings [73][74][75][76]. In the USA, FSU immigrants are less likely to immunize their children [77]. Although older FSU immigrants have multiple chronic conditions, they seldomly engage in preventative actions such as physical activity [78] and may lack the skills to select healthy foods due to unfamiliarity with the foods and food labels in the host country [54].…”
Section: Health Literacy Relevant Issues Among Fsu Immigrants In Thementioning
Among the world’s 272 million international migrants, more than 25 million are from the former Soviet Union (FSU), yet there is a paucity of literature available about FSU immigrants’ health literacy. Besides linguistic and cultural differences, FSU immigrants often come from a distinct healthcare system affecting their ability to find, evaluate, process, and use health information in the host countries. In this scoping review and commentary, we describe the health literacy issues of FSU immigrants and provide an overview of FSU immigrants’ health literacy based on the integrated health literacy model. We purposefully consider the three most common locations where FSU immigrants have settled: the USA, Germany, and Israel. For context, we describe the healthcare systems of the three host countries and the two post-Soviet countries to illustrate the contribution of system-level factors on FSU immigrants’ health literacy. We identify research gaps and set a future research agenda to help understand FSU immigrants’ health literacy across countries. Amidst the ongoing global population changes related to international migration, this article contributes to a broad-scope understanding of health literacy among FSU immigrants related to the system-level factors that may also apply to other immigrants, migrants, and refugees.
“…A prospective study in a refugee clinic in Australia between 2000 and 2002 showed that, only 5% of 136 East African pediatric patients had a documented vaccination, and only 15% had protecting levels of serum tetanus antitoxin10. In a retrospective study conducted in the American immunization database between 2008 and 2013, it was emphasized that a variety of different cultural subgroups with a non-American background had incomplete immunization, and the risk of the disease was significantly higher especially in cultures that refused vaccination 11 …”
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