Parental Bonding in Subjects with Pathological Gambling Disorder Compared with Healthy Controls

Abstract

The new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-V) includes pathological gambling disorder (PGD) in the subgroup of "Addiction and Related Disorders" due to the similarities between PGD and substance-based addictions in neurobiological, psychological, and social risk factors. Family factors as parental rearing attitudes play a crucial role in the development of substance use disorders and PGD. The aim of the present study was to assess the parental bonding during childhood perceived for adults with PGD compared with healthy controls. Twenty males with PGD and 20 control subjects answered the parental bonding instrument, which measures subjects' recollections of parenting on dimensions of care and protection. Subjects with PGD showed significantly lower maternal and paternal care (p = 0.016 and p = 0.031, respectively) than controls, and higher paternal protection (p = 0.003). The most common parental pattern for PGD subjects was the affectionless control (50% for the father and 60% for the mother). Preliminary results suggest that, as previously reported for substance use disorders, an affectionless control parenting style is associated with PGD.

The relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviors and school adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors in Korea

“…Consistent with this study, mother's and father's emotional warmth was negatively correlated with adolescent problems such as eating disorder, psychiatric disorder, [ 28 ] and gambling disorder. [ 29 ] Warmth and stable parenting help adolescent with self-confidence, sociability, and good psychological health. They also may act as protective factors against behavioral problems, therefore positively associating the student's readjustment to school life.…”

Psychometric Validation of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a U.K. Population–Based Sample: Role of Gender and Association With Mental Health in Mid-Late Life

“…Positive parenting practices (e.g., care, responsiveness, and clear standards; Baumrind, 1991a ) are associated with many desirable outcomes such as better adjustment ( Thorberg, Young, Sullivan, & Lyvers, 2011 ), prosocial dispositions ( Collins & Steinberg, 2006 ), and lower risk for the development of internalizing ( Heider, Matschinger, Bernert, Alonso, & Angermeyer, 2006 ) and externalizing ( Baumrind, 1991b ) symptoms, as well as eating ( Swanson et al, 2010 ) and addictive ( Siomos et al, 2012 ) disorders. Negative parenting practices (e.g., a high level of parental control and a low level of autonomy and warmth; Baumrind, 1967 , 1971 ) are associated with ill adjustment ( Rodgers, 1996a , 1996b ; Thorberg et al, 2011 ) including low self-esteem ( Milevsky, Schlechter, Netter, & Keehn, 2007 ), gambling addiction ( Villalta, Arévalo, Valdepérez, Pascual, & de los Cobos, 2015 ), and social hostility ( Ladd & Pettit, 2002 ), as well as worse later life well-being ( Huppert, Abbott, Ploubidis, Richards, & Kuh, 2009 ). The assessment of parenting for very young children is typically conducted through observation.…”

Desesperanza en el trastorno del juego: relación con el apego y las dificultades en la regulación emocional en adultos jóvenes

“…Tal y como se ha comentado previamente, el apego parental, el control, la protección y la supervisión ac- Tabla 3. El papel predictor del apego y la regulación emocional sobre la desesperanza túan como factores protectores del juego en los adolescentes (Magoon y Ingersoll, 2006;Villalta et al, 2015;Wardle, 2019). En esta línea, McComb y Sabiston (2010), mencionaron que los factores sociodemográficos de la familia, el clima familiar general, las actitudes y comportamientos de los miembros de la familia, las prácticas de crianza y las características de las relaciones familiares influían en la conducta de juego.…”

“…A pesar de esto, el apego parental, el control, la protección y la supervisión actúan como factores protectores del juego en los ado-lescentes ya que disminuyen los niveles de juego y la probabilidad de desarrollar una problemática. De esta forma, la relación con los padres y los estilos de crianza adquieren una gran relevancia debido a la influencia que presentan a la hora de aumentar e inhibir el riesgo en la participación de los adolescentes en las conductas de juego (Villalta et al, 2015;Wardle, 2019).…”