“…The specific acoustic features required to distinguish between individuals according to their vocalizations have been measured in a host of taxa ͓e.g., birds: macaroni penguins ͑Eudyptes chrysolophus͒, Searby et al, 2004, chiropterans: evening bats ͑Nyc-ticeius humeralis͒, Scherrer and Wilkinson, 1993, canids: timber wolves ͑Canis lupus͒, Goldman et al, 1995, primates: common marmosets ͑Callithrix jacchus͒, Jones et al, 1993, pinnipeds: subantarctic fur seals ͑Arctocephalus tropicalis͒, Charrier et al, 2001Charrier et al, , 2003 bottlenose dolphins ͑Tursiops truncatus͒, Janik, 1999 Playback experiments have demonstrated that animals can recognize signature signals and have illustrated the diversity of contexts in which signature vocalizations are used, including facilitating recognition between an infant and one or both of its parents ͓cliff swallows ͑Hirundo pyrrhonota͒: Stoddard and Beecher, 1983, tree swallows ͑Tachycineta bicolor͒: Leonard et al, 1997, Mexican free-tailed bats ͑Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana͒: Balcombe, 1990, fur seals ͑Arctocephalus tropicalis͒: Charrier et al, 2001, bottlenose dolphins: Sayigh et al, 1998, mate-pair recognition ͓king penguins ͑Aptenodytes patagonicus͒: Lengagne et al, 2000͔, and group affiliation associated with territorial defense ͑North American bullfrog ͑Rana catesbeiana͒: Bee and Gerhardt, 2002, Arctic foxes ͑Alopex lagopus͒: Frommolt et al, 2003͒. There are selective benefits for the signals produced in these contexts. Recognition is very important when one or both parents must allocate a finite amount of resources to their offspring, a scenario in which confusion is associated with high fitness costs.…”