Abstract:Long-lived seabirds are good models to study the mechanisms that mediate the parent-offspring interactions. Contrary to studies under natural conditions, experimental manipulations allow us to assess the birds' reactions in a short time period. We used the stress hormone corticosterone as an independent experimental factor to simulate the stress reaction, to examine changes in the behaviour of Little Auk chicks and parent birds. In the first experiment, we hypothesised that after enhancement of the corticoster… Show more
“…An inhibition of trophallaxis with younger nurse bees under threatening conditions aligns with the phenomenon in which some species of birds decrease their parental provisioning to redirect energy towards self-maintenance in stressful conditions 32,33 . On the evolutionary scale, unpredictable and poor environments lead to parents paying less attention to chicks’ begging and instead using cues such as body size to determine provisioning 34 .…”
Eusocial insects divide their labour so that individuals working inside the nest are affected by external conditions through a cascade of social interactions. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) transfer food and information via mouth-to-mouth social feeding, ie trophallaxis, a process known to be modulated by the rate of food flow at feeders and familiarity of food’s scent. Little is understood about how aversive foraging conditions such as predation and con-specific competition affect trophallaxis. We hypothesized that aversive conditions have an impact on food transfer inside the colony. Here we explore the effect of foragers’ aversive experience on downstream trophallaxis in a cage paradigm. Each cage contained one group of bees that was separated from feeders by mesh and allowed to feed only through trophallaxis, and another group that had access to feeders and self-specialized to either forage or distribute food. Our results show that aversive foraging conditions increase non-foragers’ trophallaxis with bees restricted from feeder access when food is scented, and have the opposite effect when food is unscented. We discuss potential behavioural mechanisms and implications for the impact of aversive conditions such as malaise inducing toxins, predation, and con-specific competition.
“…An inhibition of trophallaxis with younger nurse bees under threatening conditions aligns with the phenomenon in which some species of birds decrease their parental provisioning to redirect energy towards self-maintenance in stressful conditions 32,33 . On the evolutionary scale, unpredictable and poor environments lead to parents paying less attention to chicks’ begging and instead using cues such as body size to determine provisioning 34 .…”
Eusocial insects divide their labour so that individuals working inside the nest are affected by external conditions through a cascade of social interactions. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) transfer food and information via mouth-to-mouth social feeding, ie trophallaxis, a process known to be modulated by the rate of food flow at feeders and familiarity of food’s scent. Little is understood about how aversive foraging conditions such as predation and con-specific competition affect trophallaxis. We hypothesized that aversive conditions have an impact on food transfer inside the colony. Here we explore the effect of foragers’ aversive experience on downstream trophallaxis in a cage paradigm. Each cage contained one group of bees that was separated from feeders by mesh and allowed to feed only through trophallaxis, and another group that had access to feeders and self-specialized to either forage or distribute food. Our results show that aversive foraging conditions increase non-foragers’ trophallaxis with bees restricted from feeder access when food is scented, and have the opposite effect when food is unscented. We discuss potential behavioural mechanisms and implications for the impact of aversive conditions such as malaise inducing toxins, predation, and con-specific competition.
“…Since the costs of foraging are considerable (Gabrielsen et al 1991;Konarzewski et al 1993), parent birds should also be resistant to chick begging, so potentially, the evolution of parent-offspring communication could be constrained. Nevertheless, Little Auk parents do communicate with their chicks acoustically (Kidawa et al 2017), and potentially in other ways, too. The contrasting expectation and results create an intriguing background for examining the issue of parent-offspring communication.…”
The Little Auk Alle alle is a small planktivorous auk breeding colonially in the High Arctic. Owing to its large population size and bi-environmental lifestyle, resulting in the large-scale transport of matter from sea to land, the Little Auk is one of the most important components of the marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic. As a result of globalization, which facilitates access to remote areas of the Earth, a growing number of studies is being dedicated to this endemic Arctic seabird. Research has focussed primarily on the importance of the Little Auk as an ecological indicator reacting to the climatic and oceanological changes that are particularly evident in the Arctic as a result of Arctic amplification (warming is more rapid in the Arctic than in any other region on Earth). Importantly, the species is also used as a model to investigate matter and energy flow through the ecosystem, mate choice, parental care and biological rhythms. Here, we review the natural history of the Little Auk, highlighting studies with the potential to provide answers to universal questions regarding the response of seabirds to climate variability and avian reproductive behaviour, e.g. threshold of foraging flexibility in response to environmental variability, carry-over effects between the breeding and non-breeding periods, the reasons for the transition from bi- to uni-parental care, parental coordination mechanisms.
“…A study on little auk parents with experimentally increased flight costs during the chick-rearing period revealed that they are able to increase parental effort to some extent (Harding et al 2009). Also, it has been revealed that artificially increased chick-begging intensity (by the exogenous corticosterone administration) induced a higher feeding frequency by little auk parents (Kidawa et al 2017). An extension of parental effort, however, may affect parents' survival.…”
Desertion of offspring before its independence by one of the parents is observed in a number of avian species with bi-parental care but reasons for this strategy are not fully understood. This behaviour is particularly intriguing in species where bi-parental care is crucial to raise the brood successfully. Here, we focus on the little auk, Alle alle, a small seabird with intensive bi-parental care, where the female deserts the brood at the end of the chick rearing period. The little auk example is interesting as most hypotheses to explain desertion of the brood by females (e.g. "re-mating hypothesis", "body condition hypothesis") have been rejected for this species. Here, we analysed a possible relationship between the duration of female parental care over the chick and her chances to survive to the next breeding season. We performed the study in two breeding colonies on Spitsbergen with different foraging conditionsmore favourable in Hornsund and less favourable in Magdalenefjorden. We predicted that in Hornsund females would stay for shorter periods of time with the brood and would have higher survival rates in comparison with birds from Magdalenefjorden. We found that indeed in less favourable conditions of Magdalenefjorden, females stay longer with the brood than in the more favourable conditions of Hornsund. Moreover, female survival was negatively affected by the length of stay in the brood. Nevertheless, duration of female parental care over the chick was not related to their parental efforts, earlier in the chick rearing period, and survival of males and females was similar. Thus, although females brood desertion and winter survival are linked, the relationship is not straightforward.
Significance statementWhen bi-parental care is crucial to raise the brood successfully, one parent desertion raises the question of why this happens. We examined this issue in the little auk, a small seabird with females deserting the brood at the end of the chick rearing period. We hypothesised that females deserting the brood save residual energy and, in this way, increases their chance to survive to the next breeding season. We found that duration of female parental care depends on environmental conditions, with longer staying with the brood in less favourable conditions. As expected, female survival decreased with duration of their staying with the brood but it was not related to their parental efforts (i.e. number of chick feedings, duration of foraging flights). In addition, survival of males and females was similar. Thus, although little auk females brood desertion and winter survival are linked, the relationship is not straightforward.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.