Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other parasitic diseases of the ruminant nervous system

Nagy, Dusty W.

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.02.009

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Preventing whitetailed deer from entering the property is time consuming and expensive and is not an economical solution in most situations. 15 In conclusion, the current report identifies aberrant migration of Parelaphostrongylus spp. as a cause of spinal cord dysfunction in calves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Similar spinal cord abnormalities have been observed in other species that failed to recover completely after treatment for aberrant P. tenuis migration. 11,15,24 The remaining 3 calves made a clinical recovery, as often reported for camelids and small ruminants following similar treatment. 12,14,24 In other aberrant hosts, preventative management recommendations are based upon decreasing exposure to the definitive host (white-tailed deer) and the intermediate host (snails and slugs) in addition to properly timed anthelminthic administration for aberrant larval migration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Clinical signs of P. tenuis infection are well documented in other species, with the classic development of progressive, asymmetrical hind limb weakness, and ataxia. 1,[12][13][14][15]19,24 More advanced cases may show fore limb involvement. 17,19 Uncommonly, clinical signs of scoliosis and central brain disease are reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,19 Uncommonly, clinical signs of scoliosis and central brain disease are reported. 15,22,24 The signs of upper motor and lower motor neuron dysfunction correlate to the migrating tracts of the parasite through both white and gray matter of the spinal cord. Occasionally extramedullary intradural lymphoid aggregates at the sites of parasite migration are also seen, which likely contribute to spinal cord compression at these sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 There are several clinical reports of various treatment protocols for small ruminants and camelids including ivermectin, fenbendazole, diethylcarbamazine, levamisole, and moxidectin. [13][14][15]24 After the presumptive diagnosis of aberrant migration of P. tenuis was made based on CSF analysis and preliminary necropsy findings, the 4 surviving animals in the current study were treated with a combination of anthelmintics and with dexamethasone, using protocols extrapolated for treating suspected P. tenuis infections in small ruminants and camelids. [13][14][15]24 There are no controlled clinical studies to confirm an increased efficacy of using a combined anthelmintic treatment, although this is commonly recommended in both camelids and small ruminants with P. tenuis 14,15 and was, therefore, recommended for treatment of these calves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection as a cause of meningomyelitis in calves

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Migration of Parelaphostrongylus spp. has been documented to cause central nervous system damage in a number of aberrant host species but appears to be uncommon in cattle. The current report describes the clinical and laboratory findings, antemortem and definitive diagnosis, and response to treatment of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection in five 3-7-month-old Limousin calves from 2 farms. All calves had signs of acute (n = 2) and chronic (n = 3) progressive spinal cord dysfunction. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a marked eosinophilic (acute cases) or lymphocytic (chronic cases) pleocytosis and elevated protein in all calves. A necropsy and histopathologic evaluation was performed on 2 euthanized calves, and histopathology revealed lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic meningomyelitis with multiple intradural and intramedullary expansile hyperplastic lymphoid nodules containing germinal centers and nematode fragments. DNA sequencing was performed on nested polymerase chain reaction products amplified with parasite-specific primers obtained from formalinfixed and frozen spinal cord; PCR products from these 2 calves were 100% identical to Parelaphostrongylus species on DNA sequencing, confirming the diagnosis. Surviving calves rapidly improved following treatment with anthelmintics and corticosteroids. This case series identified Parelaphostrongylus spp. (likely P. tenuis) as a cause of spinal cord disease in calves and highlights the need for vigilance against aberrant parasite migration in calves grazing wet, snail-infested pastures. Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia is useful for supporting an antemortem diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus in calves with acute neurologic disease; however, a lymphocytosis is observed in chronic or treated cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection as a cause of meningomyelitis in calves

et al. 2011

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Nervous System

Diplomate

Sherman

2009

Goat Medicine

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Antelope Diseases – the Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Kock

Chardonnet²,

Risley

2016

Antelope Conservation

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The identity of the cells that form the periosteum during development is controversial with current dogma suggesting these are derived from a Sox9-positive progenitor. Herein, we characterize a newly created Prrx1eGFP reporter transgenic mouse line during limb formation and postnatally. Interestingly, in the embryo Prrx1eGFP-labeled cells become restricted around the Sox9-positive cartilage anlage without themselves becoming Sox9-positive. In the adult, the Prrx1eGFP transgene live labels a subpopulation of cells within the periosteum that are enriched at specific sites, and this population is diminished in aged mice. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled subpopulation can be isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and represents approximately 8% of all isolated periosteal cells. The GFP-labeled subpopulation is significantly more osteogenic than unlabeled, GFP-negative periosteal cells. In addition, the osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity of periosteal cells in vitro can be extended with the addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the expansion media. We provide evidence to suggest that osteoblasts contributing to cortical bone formation in the embryo originate from Prrx1eGFP-positive cells within the perichondrium, which possibly piggyback on invading vascular cells and secrete new bone matrix. In summary, the Prrx1eGFP mouse is a powerful tool to visualize and isolate periosteal cells and to quantify their properties in the embryo and adult.

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Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other parasitic diseases of the ruminant nervous system

Cited by 31 publications

References 80 publications

Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection as a cause of meningomyelitis in calves

Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection as a cause of meningomyelitis in calves

Nervous System

Antelope Diseases – the Good, the Bad and the Ugly

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