Parboiled Germinated Brown Rice Protects Against CCl₄-Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver Injury in Rats

Abstract

Parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) of Khao Dawk Mali 105 variety was produced by steaming germinated paddy rice, which is well-known for its nutrients and bioactive compounds. In this study we determined the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of PGBR in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced oxidative stress in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, (weight 200-250 g) were randomly divided into (1) control, (2) CCl(4), (3) white rice (WR)+CCl(4), (4) brown rice (BR)+CCl(4), and (5) PGBR+CCl(4) groups. PGBR, BR, and WR diets were produced by replacing corn starch in the AIN76A diet with cooked PGBR, BR, and WR powders, respectively. All rats except the control group were gavaged with 50% CCl4 in olive oil (v/v, 1 mL/kg) twice a week for 8 weeks. CCl(4)-treated rats exhibited significant liver injury, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage, as well as obvious changes to liver histopathology compared to control. In addition, CCl(4) treatment decreased the activities of CYP2E1 and antioxidant enzymes: glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and glutathione (GSH) content. However, the PGBR+CCl(4) group exhibited less liver injury, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage, as well as better antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH content. Furthermore, PGBR inhibited degradation of CYP2E1 in CCl(4)-induced decrease of CYP2E1 activity. These data suggest that PGBR may prevent CCl(4)-induced liver oxidative stress and injury through enhancement of the antioxidant capacities, which may be due to complex actions of various bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienol, and GABA.

The hepatoprotective activity of olive oil and Nigella sativa oil against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in male rats

“…CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity and increased the aminotransferase and ALP activities and similar observation was found in group administrated with CCl 4 and caused significant increase in ALT and AST enzymes in Wistar rats [52, 53]. Alanine aminotransferase is considered a highly sensitive and specific biomarker of hepatotoxicity.…”

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Swertiamarin on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

“…GST plays a physiological role in initiating the detoxification of alkylation of lipid, protein, and nucleic acid, as well as providing cellular resistance to lipid peroxidation by elevating the conjugation of toxic electrophiles with GSH. Thus, the activities of these enzymes have been used to assess oxidative stress in cells [15-17]. And the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by CCl 4 would break the balance between ROS production and antioxidant defense system.…”

Pre-germinated brown rice extract ameliorates high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome

“…Pre‐germinated brown rice (PGBR), a popular rice in Taiwan with rice‐removed husk, bran, and germ, is proved to be better than white rice, because it is rich in nutrients, such as γ‐oryzanol, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and dietary fibers (Roohinejad et al, ). γ‐oryzanol and GABA improve the levels of blood biochemical parameters in metabolic syndrome (Roohinejad et al, ; Tuntipopipat et al, ; Wunjuntuk, Kettawan, Charoenkiatkul, & Rungruang, ). Dietary fibers' intake also prevents obesity and controls metabolic syndrome (Reverri et al, ).…”