Paratuberculosis Infection in Camel (<i>Camelus dromidarius</i>): Current and Prospective Overview

Abstract

Camel (Camelus dromidarius) is an important source of meat and milk and an iconic animal of the Saudi Arabian heritage. The accumulative evidence indicated the spread of paratuberculosis infection in the camel herds. Despite the explicit studies on the details of the disease in camels and methods of its diagnosis, paratuberculosis infection in camels suffers from wide gap of knowledge of the disease pathogenesis, camel immune responses to the infection and factors that enhance camel's resistance to the infection. The review discusses the current available information of the disease pathobiology and the approaches employed in the diagnosis of paratuberculosis infection in camel. Effective control of the disease in camel prompts for urgent innovation of the current approaches in the diagnosis. Efficient policies and inspection tools are becoming vital to tackle the possible threats of Crohn's disease to the public health due to the meat and milk consumption.

Investigation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Arabian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

“…The PCR and ELISA were connected in the determination of the infection with paratuberculosis in dromedary camel [4,34]. ELISA kits that are commercially available for the identification the bovine anti-MAP antibodies were perceived reason for distinguishing the seroconverted dromedary camels [15]. In any case, ELISA was insensitive in distinguishing the anti-MAP antibodies in dromedary camels with young age [4,34].…”

“…Literature available on MAP infection in camels includes a vast hole of data regarding the illness pathogenesis, camel impenetrable reactions to the disease, or components that enhance camel’s protection against MAP [15].…”

Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses

“…However, ELISA has shown reliability and sensitivity in the detection of the MAP infection in camel herds. Nevertheless, detection of the infection in the early stages needs to be enhanced by combining ELISA with PCR [13].…”

“…Camel susceptibility to infection with Brucella abortus and melitensis has been widely documented [11] [12]. Evidence of camel paratuberculosis infection was also voluminous [12] [13] and camel infestation with different parasites and protozoa was widely recorded [12] [14]. The susceptibility of camels to infections with different viral diseases has also been studied [12].…”

“…Evidence of camel paratuberculosis infection was also voluminous [12] [13] and camel infestation with different parasites and protozoa was widely recorded [12] [14]. The susceptibility of camels to infections with different viral diseases has also been studied [12]. Various camel infectious diseases are considered prime zoonosis diseases that threaten public health, such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [15] and tuberculosis [16].…”