Parasitoid Sex Ratios and Biological Control

Ode, Paul J.; Hardy, Ian C.W.

doi:10.1002/9780470696200.ch12

Cited by 63 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…Sex determination and inbreeding are intimately related in the Hymenoptera (Hamilton 1967), and population-level conse-quences of CSD are potentially severe (Zayed and Packer 2005). Fundamental knowledge on sex determination could be used to improve the effectiveness with which hymenopterans are used as biological control agents of pest insects and as pollinators (Stouthamer et al 1992;Heimpel et al 1999;Heimpel and Lundgren 2000;Antolin et al 2003;Ode and Hardy 2008). In addition, knowledge of the genetics of sex determination could be used in conservation management of natural populations of pollinating hymenopterans, many of which are declining (Zayed and Packer 2005;Biesmeijer et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Support for Multiple-Locus Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis

et al. 2008

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Despite its fundamental role in development, sex determination is highly diverse among animals. Approximately 20% of all animals are haplodiploid, with haploid males and diploid females. Haplodiploid species exhibit diverse but poorly understood mechanisms of sex determination. Some hymenopteran insect species exhibit single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), where heterozygosity at a polymorphic sex locus initiates female development. Diploid males are homozygous at the sex locus and represent a genetic load because they are inviable or sterile. Inbreeding depression associated with CSD is therefore expected to select for other modes of sex determination resulting in fewer or no diploid males. Here, we investigate an alternative, heretofore hypothetical, mode of sex determination: multiple-locus CSD (ml-CSD). Under ml-CSD, diploid males are predicted to develop only from zygotes that are homozygous at all sex loci. We show that inbreeding for eight generations in the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis leads to increasing proportions of diploid males, a pattern that is consistent with ml-CSD but not sl-CSD. The proportion of diploid males (0.27 6 0.036) produced in the first generation of inbreeding (mother-son cross) suggests that two loci are likely involved. We also modeled diploid male production under CSD with three linked loci. Our data visually resemble CSD with linked loci because diploid male production in the second generation was lower than that in the first. To our knowledge, our data provide the first experimental support for ml-CSD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Support for Multiple-Locus Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis

et al. 2008

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“…Offering only high-quality hosts will not have the desired effect and the females will not change significantly the sex ratio of their progeny. However, host size distribution can be manipulated to take advantage of this behaviour and to induce the female to perceive a higher host quality, thus increasing the proportion of females that are produced (Ode & Hardy, 2008).…”

Section: Optimality Models In Biological Control 7 Optimal Sex Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Using optimality models to improve the efficacy of parasitoids in biological control programmes

Wajnberg

Roitberg

Boivin

2015

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Biological control of insect pests relies on the ability of natural enemies to limit pest populations. The behaviours expressed by natural enemies against their prey or hosts are modulated by a number of factors and a better understanding of these factors is key to obtaining more efficacious pest control. We propose here that optimality models based upon a behavioural ecology approach can provide a framework that should enable optimisation of biological control practices. We limit our discussion to parasitoid natural enemies and review the factors known to influence the behaviour of these insects. The most important areas that have been studied extensively in the behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids are addressed here: (1) residence time in a host patch, (2) clutch size, (3) sex ratio, (4) host and patch marking, and (5) diet choice. We discuss the implications of the incorporation of these optimality models into efficacious biological control practices and suggest areas where a better knowledge of the behavioural ecology of these insects could improve the efficacy of parasitoid-based pest control.

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“…Host quality, host feeding, and nonhost diet can influence sex allocation by female solitary parasitoid wasps (Charnov 1982, King 1987, Kidd and Jervis 1989, Godfray 1994, Ode and Hardy 2008. A carbohydrate-rich diet, e.g., honey, may increase the proportion of female progeny of parasitoids (Onagbola et al 2007).…”

Section: Sex Ratio Of D Isaeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, reduced levels of host feeding imply a better chance of parasitism, directly leading to an increase in parasitoid numbers as opposed to high host feeding levels that do not result in a population build-up (Ode and Heinz 2002). However, despite apparent low levels of host feeding observed in the current study, from a pest management perspective, host feeding has an additive effect on the total mortality imposed by D. isaea.Host quality, host feeding, and nonhost diet can influence sex allocation by female solitary parasitoid wasps (Charnov 1982, King 1987, Kidd and Jervis 1989, Godfray 1994, Ode and Hardy 2008. A carbohydrate-rich diet, e.g., honey, may increase the proportion of female progeny of parasitoids (Onagbola et al 2007).…”

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Host Plant-Related Parasitism and Host Feeding Activities of Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, and Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

et al. 2012

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Host plant species can affect the behavior and attributes of parasitoids, such as host searching, oviposition, and offspring fitness. In this study, parasitism, host feeding, and sex ratios of Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae reared on Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., Solanum lycopersicum L., and Vicia faba L. were determined. In no-choice tests, L. huidobrensis had the highest rate of parasitism when reared on P. vulgaris (46%), L. sativae when reared on V. faba (59%) and P. vulgaris (59%), and L. trifolii when reared on S. lycopersicum (68%). Host feeding in no-choice tests ranged between 2% and 36% and was highest on L. trifolii reared on V. faba. Results of choice tests showed a significant interaction effect for host plant and Liriomyza species on parasitism and host feeding. Within plant mixtures, L. sativae reared on P. vulgaris had the highest rate of parasitism (31%), followed by L. trifolii on S. lycopersicum (29%) and L. huidobrensis on V. faba (28%). Host feeding was highest on L. trifolii reared on S. lycopersicum (14%) and lowest on L. huidobrensis reared on P. sativum and S. lycopersicum (1%). In some instances, plant mixtures resulted in a higher proportion of females of D. isaea than single plant species. The highest proportion of females was obtained in plant mixtures on L. huidobrensis and L. trifolii on V. faba (71 and 72%, respectively). This study suggests that planting crop mixtures can potentially lead to higher proportions of females, thus improving parasitism and host feeding, depending on Liriomyza and host plant species. Keywords: biological control, leafminer, ectoparasitoid, sex ratio, tritrophic interactionsThe leafmining flies Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are economically important pests of a wide range of greenhouse and field-grown plants (Murphy and LaSalle 1999, Liu et al. 2009). These three pests are considered alien invasive species in the Afrotropical region, and L. trifolii was first reported in Kenya in 1976, where 10 yr after its accidental introduction the pest was found to be widespread from the coastal regions to the highlands (Spencer 1985). The three Liriomyza species are highly polyphagous, attacking plants in several families 1 (Murphy and LaSalle 1999). Globally, they are important pests of high value horticultural crops such as snow pea (Pisum sativum L.; Fabaceae), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; Fabaceae), runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.; Fabaceae), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; Malvaceae], aubergine (Solanum melongena L.; Solanaceae), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.; Solanaceae), and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims; Passifloraceae), and they can cause yield losses of up to 100% (Spencer 1973(Spencer , 1990Kotze and Dennill 1996;Chabi-Olaye et al. 2008;Gitonga et al. 2010).Previous ...

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Parasitoid Sex Ratios and Biological Control

Cited by 63 publications

References 211 publications

Experimental Support for Multiple-Locus Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis

Experimental Support for Multiple-Locus Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis

Using optimality models to improve the efficacy of parasitoids in biological control programmes

Host Plant-Related Parasitism and Host Feeding Activities of Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, and Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

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