Parasitoid-mediated transmission of an iridescent virus

López, M.; Rojas, Julio C.; Vandame, Rémy; Williams, Trevor

doi:10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00106-4

Cited by 32 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…How iridoviruses are transmitted in nature is not well understood. Transovarial transmission is known, as is infection through wounds, but more relevant to the hypothesis that ascoviruses evolved from iridoviruses is the recent observation that an ichneumonid wasp, Eiphosoma vitticolle, is an efficient vector of a lepidopteran iridovirus in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lopez et al, 2002). In ascoviruses, parasitic wasps are highly efficient vectors in the laboratory and field, and this appears to be the primary mode by which these viruses are transmitted (Hamm et al, 1985(Hamm et al, , 1986.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the evolution of ascoviruses from iridoviruses

Stasiak

Renault

Demattei

et al. 2003

Journal of General Virology

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Ascoviruses (family Ascoviridae) are large, enveloped, double-stranded (ds)DNA viruses that attack lepidopteran larvae and pupae, and are unusual in that they are transmitted by parasitic wasps during oviposition. Previous comparisons of DNA polymerase sequences from vertebrate and invertebrate viruses suggested that ascoviruses are closely related to iridoviruses. This relationship was unexpected because these viruses differ markedly in virion symmetry, genome configuration and cellular pathology. Here we present evidence based on sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of a greater range of ascovirus proteins and their homologues in other large dsDNA viruses that ascoviruses evolved from iridoviruses. Consensus trees for the major capsid protein, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase and ATPase III from representative ascoviruses, algal viruses (family Phycodnaviridae), vertebrate and invertebrate iridoviruses (family Iridoviridae) and African swine fever virus (ASFV; family Asfarviridae) showed that ascovirus proteins clustered most closely with those of the lepidopteran iridovirus Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) (Invertebrate iridescent virus 6). Moreover, analysis of the presence or absence of homologues of an additional 50 proteins encoded in the genome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus showed that about 40 % occurred in CIV, with lower percentages encoded by the genomes of, respectively, vertebrate iridoviruses, phycodnaviruses and ASFV. The occurrence of three of these genes in SfAV-1a but not CIV was indicative of the evolutionary differentiation of ascoviruses from invertebrate iridoviruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the evolution of ascoviruses from iridoviruses

Stasiak

Renault

Demattei

et al. 2003

Journal of General Virology

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“…An IIV originally isolated from a patently infected S. frugiperda larva in southern Mexico (Lo´pez et al, 2002) was grown by injecting a dilute virus suspension into fourth-instar S. frugiperda from the laboratory colony. These insects were reared on semi-synthetic diet and individuals that developed signs of patent infection were killed at 8 days post-injection and stored at À20 C until required.…”

Section: Insect Colonies and Virus Stockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, infected insects were far more likely to be victims of cannibalism, probably due to their sluggish responses and poor defensive reactions (Poprawski & Yule, 1990;Lo´pez et al, 2002) that probably arise from major changes in the metabolic activity of infected insects (Thompson & Sikorowski, 1981). Second, in the laboratory, a very high proportion of cannibals (92%) that had consumed infected conspecifics subsequently developed IIV disease, from which they died prior to reaching the adult stage.…”

Section: Experiments 5: Transmission By Cannibalism In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this behaviour may be adaptive when viewed as a strategy for reduced attraction of predators to high density patches of prey (Chapman et al, 2000) or for minimising the release of volatile plant compounds that attract endoparasitic wasps (Turlings et al, 1995;Bernasconi Ockroy et al, 2001). IIVinfected larvae are more prone to being stung than their healthy conspecifics due to their sluggish defence responses and endoparasitoid wasps can transmit IIV infection efficiently during the process of inserting the ovipositor contaminated with virus particles acquired after having stung an infected host (Lo´pez et al, 2002).…”

Section: Experiments 5: Transmission By Cannibalism In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An IIV has been isolated from larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Argentina and Mexico (Vera et al, 1995;Lo´pez et al, 2002). Patent IIV disease is obvious to the naked eye because larvae develop a characteristic iridescent blue hue due to the formation of crystalline arrays of virus particles in the epidermis, fat body and many other tissues of the infected insect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs of cannibalism in the presence of an iridovirus pathogen ofSpodoptera frugiperda

Williams

Hernández

2006

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. The costs of cannibalism were examined in larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the presence of conspecifics infected by a lethal invertebrate iridescent virus (IIV). The hypothesis of a positive correlation between insect density and the likelihood of disease transmission by cannibalism was examined in laboratory microcosms and a field experiment.2. Transmission was negligible following peroral infection of early instars with purified virus suspensions or following coprophagy of virus-contaminated faeces excreted by infected insects. In contrast, 92% of the insects that predated infected conspecifics acquired the infection and died prior to adult emergence in the laboratory. Diseased larvae were more likely to be victims of cannibalism than healthy larvae.3. The prevalence of cannibalism was density dependent in laboratory microcosms with a low density (10 healthy insects þ one infected insect) or high density (30 healthy insects þ one infected insect) of insects, and field experiments performed on maize plants infested with one or four healthy insects þ one infected insect.4. Cannibalism in the presence of virus-infected conspecifics was highly costly to S. frugiperda; in all cases, insect survival was reduced by between & 50% (laboratory) and & 30% (field) in the presence of the pathogen. Contrary to expectations, the prevalence of disease was not sensitive to density because cannibalism resulted in self-thinning. As infected individuals are consumed and disappear from the population, the prevalence of disease will be determined by the timescale over which transmission can be achieved, and the rate at which individuals that have acquired an infection become themselves infectious to conspecific predators.

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2014

The Braconid and Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps

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Parasitoid-mediated transmission of an iridescent virus

Cited by 32 publications

References 42 publications

Evidence for the evolution of ascoviruses from iridoviruses

Evidence for the evolution of ascoviruses from iridoviruses

Costs of cannibalism in the presence of an iridovirus pathogen ofSpodoptera frugiperda

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