Parasitism effects on coexistence and stability within simple trophic modules

Prosnier, Loïc; Médoc, Vincent; Loeuille, Nicolas

doi:10.1101/289819

Cited by 2 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…While we know that parasitism may directly constrain coexistence by changing the relative weight of direct and apparent competition (Prosnier et al 2018), we here highlight that evolutionary dynamics in response to parasitism may influence coexistence in trophic modules. Figure 5.…”

Section: Consequences On Coexistencementioning

confidence: 61%

“…Fig. 5b,c, see also Prosnier et al 2018). Evolution however increases the weight of apparent competition and results in the exclusion of the alternative prey.…”

Section: Consequences On Coexistencementioning

confidence: 85%

“…Such bottom-up reduction in predator density has for instance been experimentally observed with paramecia infected by Holospora undulata and consumed by Didinum nasutum (Banerji et al 2015). Conversely, parasites could enhance predator density when they induce interaction effects, as they increase prey vulnerability (Hethcote et al 2004;Prosnier et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The consequences of parasitism on food webs regarding trophic cascades (Buck and Ripple 2017) or in terms of stabilisation (Hilker and Schmitz 2008;Prosnier et al 2018) or destabilisation (Hudson et al 1998;Prosnier et al 2018) are most often investigated through the lens of ecology. On the other hand, parasite evolution is frequently addressed through the evolution of virulence or transmission, sometimes in a context of trophic interactions (Cressler et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dallas et al 2018). Such negative effects should be amplified when parasites increase host vulnerability through interaction effects (Packer et al 2003;Prosnier et al 2018). Now consider the effects of parasites on the predators of their host.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of predator foraging in response to prey infection favors species coexistence

Prosnier

Médoc

Loeuille³

2020

Preprint

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Article Keyword: Adaptive foraging, virulence, vulnerability, predator diet, profitability, parasitism Running title: Prey-infection induce diet evolution Number of words: 4 470 List of elements: Article (23p) with 1 table and 5 figures. Appendix (4p) with 2 figures. AbstractAs acknowledged by Optimal Foraging theories, predator diets depend on prey profitability.Parasites, ubiquitous in food webs, are known to affect simultaneously host vulnerability to predation and host energy contents, thereby affecting profitabilities. In this work, we study the eco-evolutionary consequences of prey infection on predator diet. We also analyze the consequences for coexistence between prey, predators and parasites. We model a trophic module with one predator and two prey species, one of these prey being infected by a parasite, and distinguish between two effects of infection: a decrease in host fecundity (virulence effect) and an increase in vulnerability to predation (interaction effect). Predator foraging may evolve toward specialist or generalist strategies, the latter being less efficient on a given resource. We show that the virulence effect leads to specialisation on the non-infected prey while the interaction effect, by increasing prey profitability, favors specialisation on the infected prey.Combining the two effects at intermediate intensities promotes either generalist predators or the diversification of foraging strategies (coexistence of specialists), depending of trade-off shape. We then investigate how the evolution of predator diet affects the niche overlap between predator and parasite. We show that interaction effects systematically lead to a high niche overlap, ultimately resulting in the loss of the parasite. Virulence effects conversely favor coexistence by allowing a separation of the predator and parasite niches.

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Section: Consequences On Coexistencementioning

confidence: 61%

“…Fig. 5b,c, see also Prosnier et al 2018). Evolution however increases the weight of apparent competition and results in the exclusion of the alternative prey.…”

Section: Consequences On Coexistencementioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of predator foraging in response to prey infection favors species coexistence

Prosnier

Médoc

Loeuille³

2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Critical role of parasite‐mediated energy pathway on community response to nutrient enrichment

Thongthaisong

Kasada

Grossart

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Parasites form an integral part of food webs, however, they are often ignored in classic food web theory or limited to the investigation of trophic transmission pathways. Specifically, direct consumption of parasites by nonhost predators is rarely considered, while it can contribute substantially to energy flow in food webs. In aquatic systems, chytrids constitute a major group of fungal parasites whose free‐living infective stages (zoospores) form a highly nutritional food source to zooplankton. Thereby, the consumption of zoospores can create an energy pathway from otherwise inedible phytoplankton to zooplankton (“mycoloop”). This parasite‐mediated energy pathway might be of special importance during phytoplankton blooms dominated by inedible or toxic primary producers like cyanobacteria, which are on the rise with eutrophication and global warming. We theoretically investigated community dynamics and energy transfer in a food web consisting of an edible nonhost and an inedible host phytoplankton species, a parasitic fungus, and a zooplankton species grazing on edible phytoplankton and fungi. Food web dynamics were investigated along a nutrient gradient contrasting nonadaptive zooplankton species representative for filter feeders like cladocerans and zooplankton with the ability to actively adapt their feeding preferences like many copepod species. Overall, the importance of the mycoloop for zooplankton increases with nutrient availability. This increase is smooth for nonadaptive consumers. For adaptive consumers, we observe an abrupt shift from an almost exclusive preference for edible phytoplankton at low nutrient levels to a strong preference for parasitic fungi at high nutrient levels. The model predicts that parasitic fungi could contribute up to 50% of the zooplankton diet in nutrient‐rich environments, which agrees with empirical observations on zooplankton gut content from eutrophic systems during blooms of inedible diatoms or cyanobacteria. Our findings highlight the role of parasite‐mediated energy pathways for predictions of energy flow and community composition under current and future environmental change.

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Parasitism effects on coexistence and stability within simple trophic modules

Cited by 2 publications

References 79 publications

Evolution of predator foraging in response to prey infection favors species coexistence

Evolution of predator foraging in response to prey infection favors species coexistence

Critical role of parasite‐mediated energy pathway on community response to nutrient enrichment

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