Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphids

Oliver, Kerry M.; Noge, Koji; Huang, Emma M; Campos, Jamie M; Becerra, Judith X.; Hunter, Martha S.

doi:10.1186/preaccept-4284799146146604

Cited by 31 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…The differences between the two wasps may reflect different interactions between the fly, wasp and endosymbiont, including the possible effect of Lb superparasitism (e.g., injection of larger venom amounts through repeated oviposition may counter the effects of Spiroplasma). For example, the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi intentionally superparasitizes endosymbiontinfected aphids, presumably to overcome the symbiont-encoded defense (Oliver et al, 2012). In our study, however, the higher superparasitism of Lb compared with Lh does not seem to result in higher wasp survival.…”

Section: Wasp-killing Mechanismcontrasting

confidence: 53%

Male killing Spiroplasma protects Drosophila melanogaster against two parasitoid wasps

et al. 2013

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Maternally transmitted associations between endosymbiotic bacteria and insects are diverse and widespread in nature. Owing to imperfect vertical transmission, many heritable microbes have evolved compensational mechanisms to enhance their persistence in host lineages, such as manipulating host reproduction and conferring fitness benefits to host. Symbiont-mediated defense against natural enemies of hosts is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism by which endosymbionts enhance host fitness. Members of the genus Spiroplasma associated with distantly related Drosophila hosts are known to engage in either reproductive parasitism (i.e., male killing) or defense against natural enemies (the parasitic wasp Leptopilina heterotoma and a nematode). A male-killing strain of Spiroplasma (strain Melanogaster Sex Ratio Organism (MSRO)) co-occurs with Wolbachia (strain wMel) in certain wild populations of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. We examined the effects of Spiroplasma MSRO and Wolbachia wMel on Drosophila survival against parasitism by two common wasps, Leptopilina heterotoma and Leptopilina boulardi, that differ in their host ranges and host evasion strategies. The results indicate that Spiroplasma MSRO prevents successful development of both wasps, and confers a small, albeit significant, increase in larva-toadult survival of flies subjected to wasp attacks. We modeled the conditions under which defense can contribute to Spiroplasma persistence. Wolbachia also confers a weak, but significant, survival advantage to flies attacked by L. heterotoma. The host protective effects exhibited by Spiroplasma and Wolbachia are additive and may provide the conditions for such cotransmitted symbionts to become mutualists. Occurrence of Spiroplasma-mediated protection against distinct parasitoids in divergent Drosophila hosts suggests a general protection mechanism.

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Section: Wasp-killing Mechanismcontrasting

confidence: 53%

Male killing Spiroplasma protects Drosophila melanogaster against two parasitoid wasps

et al. 2013

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“…Microbial effects on animal chemistry also recently have been linked to changes in predator-prey interactions ( 11) and feeding behavior ( 12). Females of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, use chemical cues released from human skin to locate hosts.…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Behavior and the Microbiome

Ezenwa

Gerardo

Inouye

et al. 2012

Science

433

319

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“…Defensive endosymbionts that protect their host from parasitism can modify competitive relationships among parasitoid species . However, parasitoids can detect whether or not a potential aphid host carries a protective symbiont (Oliver et al, 2012); this could result in the parasitoid switching to its alternative host, leading to apparent competition. Frago et al (2017) recently found that plants attacked by pea aphids carrying the endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa released lower quantities of volatiles, hence recruiting fewer parasitic wasps and thus increasing aphid fitness.…”

Section: Endosymbionts Mediate Host-parasitoid Non-trophic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms structuring host–parasitoid networks in a global warming context: a review

Thierry

Hrček

Lewis

2019

Ecological Entomology

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1. In natural communities, multiple host and parasitoid species are linked to form complex networks of trophic and non-trophic interactions. Understanding how these networks will respond to global warming is of wide relevance for agriculture and conservation.2. This study synthesises the emerging evidence surrounding host-parasitoid networks in the context of global warming. The suite of direct and indirect interaction types within host-parasitoid networks is summarised, as well as their sensitivity to temperature changes. The study also compiles and reviews studies investigating the responses of whole host-parasitoid networks to increasing temperatures or proxy variables. The findings reveal there is limited evidence overall for the prediction that parasitism will be reduced under global warming: approximately equal numbers of studies show elevated and reduced parasitism.3. Increasingly, endosymbiotic bacteria are recognised as influential mediators of host-parasitoid interactions. These endosymbionts can change how individual species respond to global warming, and their effects can cascade to affect whole host-parasitoid networks. The evidence that symbiotic bacteria are likely to affect the response of host-parasitoid networks to global warming is reviewed. Symbionts can protect hosts from their parasitoids or influence thermal tolerance of their host species. Furthermore, the symbionts themselves can be impacted by global warming.4. Finally, the study considers the most promising avenues for future research into the mechanisms structuring host-parasitoid networks in the context of global warming. Alongside the increasing availability of modern molecular methods to document the structure of real, species-rich host-parasitoid networks, the study highlights the utility of manipulative experiments and mathematical models.

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Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphids

Cited by 31 publications

References 1 publication

Male killing Spiroplasma protects Drosophila melanogaster against two parasitoid wasps

Male killing Spiroplasma protects Drosophila melanogaster against two parasitoid wasps

Animal Behavior and the Microbiome

Mechanisms structuring host–parasitoid networks in a global warming context: a review

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