Parasitic plants

Twyford, Alex D.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.030

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…The diverse effects of host on parasite growth are complex, but the variation we saw in our experiments may be attributed to host root architecture, germination time, and resource availability, as well as the presence of mechanisms to defend against parasite attack, such as cell wall thickening, localized host dieback, and chemical defence (Cameron et al., ; Twyford, ). While Euphrasia is generally thought to have low reliance on host resources, deriving only ~30% of carbon heterotrophically (Těšitel et al., ), at least under our experimental conditions Euphrasia only produced multiple flowers on certain hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Life history evolution, species differences, and phenotypic plasticity in hemiparasitic eyebrights (Euphrasia)

Frachon

Wong³

et al. 2020

American J of Botany

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Premise Species delimitation in parasitic organisms is challenging because traits used to identify species are often plastic and vary depending on the host. Here, we use species from a recent radiation of generalist hemiparasitic Euphrasia to investigate trait variation and trait plasticity. We tested whether Euphrasia species show reliable trait differences, investigated whether these differences correspond to life history trade‐offs between growth and reproduction, and quantified plasticity in response to host species. Methods Common garden experiments were used to evaluate trait differences between 11 Euphrasia taxa grown on a common host, document phenotypic plasticity when a single Euphrasia species is grown on eight different hosts, and relate observations to trait differences recorded in the wild. Results Euphrasia exhibited variation in life history strategies; some individuals transitioned rapidly to flowering at the expense of early season growth, while others invested in vegetative growth and delayed flowering. Life history differences were present between some species, though many related taxa lacked clear trait differences. Species differences were further blurred by phenotypic plasticity—many traits were plastic and changed with host type or between environments. Conclusions Phenotypic plasticity in response to host and environment confounds species delimitation in Euphrasia. When grown in a common garden environment, some morphologically distinct taxa can be identified, though others represent morphologically similar shallow segregates. Trait differences present between some species and populations demonstrate the rapid evolution of distinct life history strategies in response to local ecological conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Life history evolution, species differences, and phenotypic plasticity in hemiparasitic eyebrights (Euphrasia)

Frachon

Wong³

et al. 2020

American J of Botany

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“…that will be discussed more fully below. In a recent review, Twyford () indicates parasitism evolved “at least 12 times” in angiosperms, deriving this approximation from Christenhusz & al. ().…”

Section: How Often Has Parasitism Evolved In Angiosperms?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic angiosperms: How often and how many?

Nickrent

2020

TAXON

169

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Angiosperms that morphologically and physiologically attach to other flowering plants by means of a haustorium have evolved 12 times independently resulting in 292 genera and ca. 4750 species. Although hemiparasites predominate, holoparasitism has evolved in all but two clades, Cassytha (Lauraceae) and Krameria (Krameriaceae). Santalales contains the largest number of genera (179) and species (2428) among the 12 parasitic plant lineages whereas Orobanchaceae is the largest single family with 102 genera and over 2100 species. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the molecular phylogenetic relationships among all clades of parasitic angiosperms. These methods have been particularly important in revealing the closest non-parasitic relatives of holoparasites, plants that exhibit reduced morphologies, increased substitution rates, and frequent horizontal gene transfers, all of which confound phylogenetics. Although comprehensive molecular phylogenies are still lacking for many of the large genera, nearly complete generic level sampling exists, thus allowing unprecedented understanding of the evolutionary relationships within and among these fascinating plants.

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“…About 1% of plant species secure their water, nutrients and carbohydrates, in whole or in part, by parasitizing a freeliving counterpart [8][9][10]. Although their percentage is small, the parasitic life style has independently evolved at least 12 times among the plants.…”

Section: Plants Parasitizing Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although their percentage is small, the parasitic life style has independently evolved at least 12 times among the plants. The essential adaptation for parasitism is the haustorium, a root-like structure that penetrates host tissue, securing a physical attachment between the parasite and host [10]. Some parasites, like Indian paint brush (genus Castilleja), attach to the host's roots.…”

Section: Plants Parasitizing Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%