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Indazole is a vital nitrogen-containing heterocyclic unit in organic and medicinal chemistry research and a helpful precursor molecule for the production of various types of encirclement heterocycles. Indazole analogues are diverse pharmacological agents that can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, inflammation, infectious diseases, and neurological problems. In fact, the indazole moiety containing inhibitors also showed excellent medicinal properties for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Therefore, the development of new inhibitors has immense promise for usage as key components for the next generation as antiparasitic medication. In this review, we have summarized the recent developments of indazole-containing antiparasitic inhibitors, specially anti-protozoal, anti-fungal, and antiamoebic inhibitors, as well as their structure-activity relationship (SAR) findings for medicinal chemists who are searching for new preclinical parasitic drug candidates.
Indazole is a vital nitrogen-containing heterocyclic unit in organic and medicinal chemistry research and a helpful precursor molecule for the production of various types of encirclement heterocycles. Indazole analogues are diverse pharmacological agents that can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, inflammation, infectious diseases, and neurological problems. In fact, the indazole moiety containing inhibitors also showed excellent medicinal properties for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Therefore, the development of new inhibitors has immense promise for usage as key components for the next generation as antiparasitic medication. In this review, we have summarized the recent developments of indazole-containing antiparasitic inhibitors, specially anti-protozoal, anti-fungal, and antiamoebic inhibitors, as well as their structure-activity relationship (SAR) findings for medicinal chemists who are searching for new preclinical parasitic drug candidates.
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and course of parasitic infections, both in the attacked host organism and the parasite organism struggling to survive. The host uses large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly superoxide anion (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to fight the developing parasitic disease. On the other hand, the parasite develops the most effective defense mechanisms and resistance to the effects of ROS and strives to survive in the host organism it has colonized, using the resources and living environment available for its development and causing the host’s weakening. The paper reviews the literature on the role of oxidative stress in parasitic diseases, which are the most critical epidemiological problem worldwide. The most common parasitosis in the world is malaria, with 300–500 million new cases and about 1 million deaths reported annually. In Europe and Poland, the essential problem is intestinal parasites. Due to a parasitic infection, the concentration of antioxidants in the host decreases, and the concentration of products of cellular components oxidation increases. In response to the increased number of reactive oxygen species attacking it, the parasites have developed effective defense mechanisms, including primarily the action of antioxidant enzymes, especially superoxide dismutase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH)-dependent complexes glutathione and thioredoxin.
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