Parasites of the genus Nosema, Crithidia and Lotmaria in the honeybee and bumblebee populations:  a case study in India

Vavilova, Valeriya; Konopatskaia, Irina; Luzyanin, Sergey; Woyciechowski, Michał; Блинов, А. Г.

doi:10.18699/vj17.317

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Recently, a novel trypanosomatid parasite was discovered and named L. passim 7 . L. passim seems to be more prevalent than C. mellificae [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Although the association of L. passim infection with winter mortality of honey bee colonies was suggested in several studies 19,20 , the effects of L. passim infection on honey bee health and colony survival remain poorly understood.…”

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confidence: 95%

Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology

et al. 2020

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It is still not understood how honey bee parasite changes the gene expression to adapt to the host environment and how the host simultaneously responds to the parasite infection by modifying its own gene expression. To address this question, we studied a trypanosomatid, Lotmaria passim, which can be cultured in medium and inhabit the honey bee hindgut.We found that L. passim decreases mRNAs associated with protein translation, glycolysis, detoxification of radical oxygen species, and kinetoplast respiratory chain to adapt to the anaerobic and nutritionally poor honey bee hindgut during the infection. After the long term infection, the host appears to be in poor nutritional status, indicated by the increase and decrease of take-out and vitellogenin mRNAs, respectively. Simultaneous gene expression profiling of L. passim and honey bee during infection by dual RNA-seq provided insight into how both parasite and host modify their gene expressions.

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confidence: 95%

Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology

et al. 2020

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“…Later, in 2015, another novel trypanosomatid parasite infecting honey bees was discovered and named L. passim (Schwarz et al, 2015). L. passim was found to be more prevalent than C. mellificae (Schmid-Hempel and Tognazzo, 2010; Morimoto et al, 2013; Cepero et al, 2014; Ravoet et al, 2014, 2015; Cersini et al, 2015; Schwarz et al, 2015; Arismendi et al, 2016; Cavigli et al, 2016; Stevanovic et al, 2016; Vavilova et al, 2017; Regan et al, 2018) and fewer honey bee colonies were reported to be infected by C. mellificae (Ravoet et al, 2015). Thus, L. passim rather than C. mellificae is likely to be associated with the previously reported winter mortality of honey bee colonies (Ravoet et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Gene Disruption of Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite, Lotmaria passim, by CRISPR/Cas9 System

Liu

Lei

Kadowaki

2019

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Two trypanosomatid species, Lotmaria passim and Crithidia mellificae , have been shown to parasitize honey bees to date. L. passim appears to be more prevalent than C. mellificae and specifically infects the honey bee hindgut. Although the genomic DNA has been sequenced, the effects of infection on honey bee health and colony are poorly understood. To identify the genes that are important for infecting honey bees and to understand their functions, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9 system to establish a method to manipulate L. passim genes. By electroporation of plasmid DNA and subsequent selection by drug, we first established an L. passim clone expressing tdTomato or Cas9. We also successfully disrupted the endogenous miltefosine transporter and tyrosine aminotransferase genes by replacement with drug (hygromycin) resistant gene using the CRISPR/Cas9-induced homology-directed repair pathway. The L. passim clone expressing fluorescent marker, as well as the simple method for editing specific genes, could become useful approaches to understand the underlying mechanisms of honey bee-trypanosomatid parasite interactions.

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“…Apis D,N X [16,18,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41] (5) X [43] (>1) X [4,13,16,18,29,30,31,32,33,35,36,37,40,41,43,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] (>10)…”

Section: Host Genera Nosema Apis Nosema Bombi Nosema Ceranaementioning

confidence: 99%

A growing pandemic: A review of Nosema parasites in globally distributed domesticated and native bees

Grupe

Quandt

2020

PLoS Pathog

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Nosema infection in bees Domesticated and native bees face a variety of deadly threats that cause mortality and reduced fecundity and thus, by extension, endanger agriculture and native plant communities that rely on bees for pollination. Biotic factors negatively impacting bees include: viruses, nematodes, mites, bacteria, and fungi. Additionally, abiotic threats include the destruction of nesting and floral resources from anthropogenic sources as well as a plethora of negative factors from climate change. While a substantial amount of research has been done investigating the causes of colony collapse disorder in the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, there is growing evidence over the past two decades that another pandemic of bees, both domesticated and native, is growing. This pandemic is the result of the spread of fungal pathogens in the genus Nosema. Nosema species belong to Microsporidia, which are all unicellular, obligate symbionts of animals, and gregarines. Although long thought to be protists, Microsporidia are now recognized as a highly reduced lineage of fungi [1]. Tokarev and colleagues [2] recently placed Nosema species that infect bees (Anthophila, Hymenoptera) within a new genus, Vairimorpha, but for the sake of consistency with the existing literature this Review article will refer to them simply as Nosema. Specifically, Nosema carry out their life cycle by infecting the cells in the midgut of bees. Once a spore is ingested by a bee and reaches the midgut, it will germinate. It then injects its contents into the host cell where it consumes the cell contents via phagocytosis until it eventually lays down spore walls before rupturing the host cell to release the spores [3]. These spores can then infect other cells in the digestive tract or be passed out of the host in excrement, thereby contaminating floral resources, collected pollen, and the nesting environment. Other bees are then susceptible to ingest spores in the nest via fecal-oral transmission, or if excreted at a floral resource, the fungus can infect any susceptible hosts that come into contact with that flower [4,5]. Due to the extent of bee foraging ranges, this process not only increases the local pathogen load but also serves to disperse Nosema to new habitats and novel hosts. In addition to the natural transmission of these pathogens, commercial products such as honey, bee pollen, and royal jelly can be contaminated and potentially disperse these pathogens [6]. The most common symptoms of Nosema infection are dysentery and microscopic lesions within the gut and Malpighian tubules. This leads to host frailty, lethargy, and loss of workers in eusocial bees that reduces foraging ability for the colony through mortality, reduced homing ability, shorter foraging flights, and inefficient foraging behavior [5,7]. Nosema bombi infections also reduce the fecundity of the colony through detrimental physical effects to the reproductive organs in male bumblebees, increased mortality of workers, and negatively impacting

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Parasites of the genus Nosema, Crithidia and Lotmaria in the honeybee and bumblebee populations: a case study in India

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology

Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology

Gene Disruption of Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite, Lotmaria passim, by CRISPR/Cas9 System

A growing pandemic: A review of Nosema parasites in globally distributed domesticated and native bees

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