Parasite-Vector Interactions

Schaub, Günter A.; Vogel, Patric U. B.; Balczun, Carsten

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1416-2_14

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 268 publications

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“…28 , 29 Other species live peridomestically and feed on domestic animals, eg, chicken and guinea pigs, but also invade houses. 30 , 31 Only some species are strictly adapted to houses and main vectors in the domestic cycle, eg, Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834), Rhodnius prolixus Stål, 1859, Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) and Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811). 30 , 31 …”

Section: Triatominesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of the respective strain of T. cruzi and the species of the triatomine result in refractoriness or susceptibility phenomena of the vector. 30 In many parasite-vector systems, eg, Plasmodium and mosquitoes, an infection induces anti-parasitic responses of the vector, affecting the success of the parasite for the establishment and the intensity of the parasitation. 31 These aspects have only been considered in a low number of triatomine species using a low number of strains of T. cruzi (reviewed by 17 , 30 ).…”

Section: Development Of Trypanosoma Cruzi In the Vector – Effects Of The Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on the Knowledge of Parasite–Vector Interactions of Chagas Disease

Schaub¹

2021

RRTM

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This review focusses on the interactions between the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi , and its triatomine vector. The flagellate mainly colonizes the intestinal tract of the insect. The effect of triatomines on trypanosomes is indicated by susceptibility and refractoriness phenomena that vary according to the combination of the strains. Other effects are apparent in the different regions of the gut. In the stomach, the majority of ingested blood trypomastigotes are killed while the remaining transform to round stages. In the small intestine, these develop into epimastigotes, the main replicative stage. In the rectum, the population density is the highest and is where the infectious stage develops, the metacyclic trypomastigote. In all regions of the gut, starvation and feeding of the triatomine affect T. cruzi . In the small intestine and rectum, starvation reduces the population density and more spheromastigotes develop. In the rectum, feeding after short-term starvation induces metacyclogenesis and after long-term starvation the development of specific cells, containing several nuclei, kinetoplasts and flagella. When considering the effects of T. cruzi on triatomines, the flagellate seems to be of low pathogenicity. However, during stressful periods, which are normal in natural populations, effects occur often on the behaviour, eg, in readiness to approach the host, the period of time before defecation, dispersal and aggregation. In nymphs, the duration of the different instars and the mortality rates increase, but this seems to be induced by repeated infections or blood quality by the feeding on infected hosts. Starvation resistance is often reduced by infection. Longevity and reproduction of adults is reduced, but only after infection with some strains of T. cruzi . Only components of the surface coat of blood trypomastigotes induce an immune reaction. However, this seems to act against gut bacteria and favours the development of T. cruzi.

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Section: Triatominesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of Trypanosoma Cruzi In the Vector – Effects Of The Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Knowledge of Parasite–Vector Interactions of Chagas Disease

Schaub¹

2021

RRTM

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“…Other species live peridomestically and feed on domestic animals, e.g. hens and guinea pigs, but also invade houses (Balczun et al 2012a ; Schaub et al 2016 ). Only some species are strongly adapted to houses, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only some species are strongly adapted to houses, e.g. Triatoma infestans (Klug 1834), Rhodnius prolixus Stål 1859, Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister 1835) and Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille 1811) (Balczun et al 2012a ; Schaub et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by infectious blood, organs and food as well as by the blood-sucking triatomines (Bern et al 2020 ). In contrast to other tropical vector-borne diseases, T. cruzi is not transmitted by infectious saliva of the insect but via the faeces and urine of the vectors (Schaub et al 2016 ), since the infectious metacyclic trypomastigotes develop almost exclusively in the rectum of T. cruzi –infected triatomines (Kollien and Schaub 2000 ). There, the population of T. cruzi contains epimastigotes and spheromastigotes, both developing in five different pathways to metacyclic trypomastigotes (summarised by Schaub et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Natural infections” with Trypanosoma cruzi via the skin of mice: size of mouthparts of vectors and numbers of invading parasites

Waldeck

Schaub

2022

Parasitol Res

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Investigating parameters influencing natural infections with Trypanosoma cruzi via the skin, the diameters of mouthparts of different stages of triatomines vectors were measured to determine the size of the channel accessible for T. cruzi during cutaneous infection. The mean diameters of the skin-penetrating mandibles of first to fifth instar nymphs of the vector Triatoma infestans increased from 18 to 65 µm. The mean diameter in fourth instar nymphs of Dipetalogaster maxima was 86 µm. Different numbers of isolated vector-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes (10–10,000) were injected intradermally into mice. Prepatent periods, parasitemia and mortality rates were compared with those of mice obtaining 10,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes that are usually present in the first drop of faeces onto the feeding wounds of fifth and fourth instar nymphs of T. infestans and D. maxima, respectively. After injection of 50–10,000 T. cruzi, in all 42 mice the infection developed. An injection of 10 parasites induced an infection in 8 out of 15 mice. With increasing doses of parasites, prepatent periods tended to decrease. The level of parasitemia was higher after injection of the lowest dose. Except for one mouse all infected mice died. After placement of 10,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes onto the feeding wound of fifth or fourth instar nymphs of T. infestans and D. maxima, respectively, the infection rates of the groups, prepatent periods and the levels of parasitemia of T. cruzi in mice indicated that about 10–1,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes entered the skin via this route. For the first time, the present data emphasise the risk of an infection by infectious excreta of triatomines deposited near the feeding wound and the low number of invading parasites.

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Parasite-Vector Interactions

Cited by 2 publications

References 268 publications

An Update on the Knowledge of Parasite–Vector Interactions of Chagas Disease

An Update on the Knowledge of Parasite–Vector Interactions of Chagas Disease

“Natural infections” with Trypanosoma cruzi via the skin of mice: size of mouthparts of vectors and numbers of invading parasites

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