Parasite―host coevolution and geographic patterns of parasite infectivity and host susceptibility

Morand, Sergé; Manning, Samantha; Woolhouse, Mark

doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0019

Cited by 187 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Frequency-dependent cycling, then, should generally produce the pattern of local adaptation. Extending this model to several resistance and infectivity loci and Lotka-Volterra population dynamics, Morand et al (1996) find a general sympatric parasite advantage over a broad range of intrinsic host growth rates and parasite transmission rates for similarly isolated populations.…”

Section: The Standard Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local adaptation in host–parasite systems

1998

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In host-parasite coevolutionary arms races, parasites probably have an evolutionary advantage. Parasite populations should be locally adapted, having higher mean fitness on sympatric than allopatric hosts. Here we assess evidence for local parasite advantage. Further we investigate how adaptation and counter-adaptation of parasites and hosts, necessarily occurring in sympatry, can generate a pattern of local adaptation. Already simple frequency-dependent selection models generate complex patterns of parasite performance on sympatric and allopatric populations. In metapopulations, with extinction, recolonization, and gene flow, variable selection pressure and stochasticity may obscure local processes or change the level at which local adaptation occurs. Alternatively, gene flow may introduce adaptive variation, so differential migration rates can modify the asymmetry of host and parasite evolutionary rates. We conclude that local adaptation is an average phenomenon. Its detection requires adequate replication at the appropriate level, that at which the local processes occur.

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Section: The Standard Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cycling has also been obtained in multilocus matching-allele models with complex population dynamics, e.g. (Hutson & Law, 1981;Hamilton et al, 1990;Frank, 1996;Morand et al, 1996).…”

Section: The Genetic Basis Of Resistance and Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

Local adaptation in host–parasite systems

1998

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“…Substantial data and clear genetic models already exist on hostparasite genotypic interactions in plants ( Thompson and Burdon, 1992 and references therein) and significant inroads have been made into unravelling host-parasite genotypic interactions in invertebrates in a number of systems, including aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and parasitic wasp (Aphidus ervi) (Henter and Via, 1995), snail (Bulinus globosus) and schistosome (Morand et al, 1996;Webster and Woolhouse, 1998), snail (Potamopygrus antipodarum) and trematode (Microphallus species) (Lively and Dybdahl, 2000), bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) and trypanosome (Crithidia bombi) (SchmidHempel et al, 1999;Schmid-Hempel and Funk, 2004), Caenorhabditis elegans and soil bacteria (Schulenburg and Ewbank, 2004), and mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) and malarial parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) (Lambrechts et al, 2005). Information on the inheritance of the genotype-genotype interactions is available for very few invertebrate systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to a bacterial parasite in the crustacean Daphnia magna shows Mendelian segregation with dominance

et al. 2011

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The influence of host and parasite genetic background on infection outcome is a topic of great interest because of its pertinence to theoretical issues in evolutionary biology. In the present study, we use a classical genetics approach to examine the mode of inheritance of infection outcome in the crustacean Daphnia magna when exposed to the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. In contrast to previous studies in this system, we use a clone of P. ramosa, not field isolates, which allows for a more definitive interpretation of results. We test parental, F1, F2, backcross and selfed parental clones (total 284 genotypes) for susceptibility against a clone of P. ramosa using two different methods, infection trials and the recently developed attachment test. We find that D. magna clones reliably exhibit either complete resistance or complete susceptibility to P. ramosa clone C1 and that resistance is dominant, and inherited in a pattern consistent with Mendelian segregation of a single-locus with two alleles. The finding of a single host locus controlling susceptibility to P. ramosa suggests that the previously observed genotype-genotype interactions in this system have a simple genetic basis. This has important implications for the outcome of host-parasite coevolution. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that resistance to parasites in invertebrates is mostly coded by one or few loci with dominance.

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“…The transmission of infectious agents within host populations is influenced by many different sources of heterogeneity ranging from genetic via behavioral factors to spatial factors (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). A consequence of such heterogeneity is the commonly observed aggregated (clumped) distributions of infection and͞or disease within the host population such that a few hosts are rapidly, frequently, or heavily infected, while the majority either evade infection or suffer infrequent or light infections (1,(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications for the design of control programs

Woolhouse

Dye²,

Etard³

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,034

1,017

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From an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, R 0 . This is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20͞80 rule. The rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. The rule implies that control programs targeted at the ''core'' 20% group are potentially highly effective and, conversely, that programs that fail to reach all of this group will be much less effective than expected in reducing levels of infection in the population as a whole.

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Parasite―host coevolution and geographic patterns of parasite infectivity and host susceptibility

Cited by 187 publications

References 43 publications

Local adaptation in host–parasite systems

Local adaptation in host–parasite systems

Resistance to a bacterial parasite in the crustacean Daphnia magna shows Mendelian segregation with dominance

Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications for the design of control programs

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