Parasite Biology: The Reservoir Hosts

Maia, Carla; Dantas‐Torres, Filipe; Campino, Lenea

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72386-0_4

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…Leishmania infantum is transmitted to susceptible hosts, including humans, through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies [2]. While several animals can serve as a source of infection to phlebotomine sand flies, dogs are the most important reservoirs in domestic settings [3]. As such, the presence of infected dogs is reputed to be a risk for L .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: A screening coverage issue?

et al. 2019

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In the present study, we assessed the annual screening coverage (i.e., the percentage of dogs that are screened for anti- Leishmania antibodies annually) in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará state, Brazil. Data on the number of dogs screened during 2008−2017 (except 2010) were obtained from the Centre for Zoonoses Control of Sobral. The annual screening coverage during 2012−2017 was calculated. Data on human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases during 2008−2017 were compiled from the National Disease Notification System. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the correlation between canine and human data. During 2008−2017, 73,964 dogs (range, 0 to 13,980 dogs/year) were serologically screened and 2,833 (3.8%) were positive. The annual screening coverage during 2012−2017 ranged from 11.1% to 45.7%. There were no significant correlations between the number of dogs culled and the number of human VL cases, canine positivity and human VL incidence, number of dogs culled and human VL incidence, or between canine positivity and number of human VL cases. An inconsistent and relatively low annual screening coverage was found in the study area, with no dog being screened in 2010 due to the lack of serological tests. Our results highlight that many dogs potentially infected with Leishmania infantum have been virtually overlooked by public health workers in the study area, perhaps with a negative, yet underestimated, impact on the control of canine and human VL. Hence, the failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human VL in Brazil may be due to the low screening coverage and low percentage of culled dogs, rather than the absence of associations between canine and human infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: A screening coverage issue?

et al. 2019

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“…CL and VL are primarily zoonoses, with wild animals (e.g. forest rodents) and domestic dogs, respectively, being involved as reservoirs in their zoonotic transmission cycles [ 4 , 5 ]. Outbreaks of zoonotic CL in Brazil are commonly detected among males at working age who enter the forest for various reasons, such as for military training [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Home sweet home: sand flies find a refuge in remote indigenous villages in north-eastern Brazil, where leishmaniasis is endemic

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Miranda

Costa³

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundFrom 2012 to 2013, an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania braziliensis was detected in indigenous villages located in a remote rural area of Pernambuco state, north-eastern Brazil. Considering that the principal activities of this indigenous community are farming and crop plantation, and also that the outbreak involved many children, we investigated the presence of sand fly vectors inside human houses and also the exposure of dogs to leishmanial parasites. Our general objective was to gather epidemiological data that could indicate the occurrence of a peri-domestic/domestic transmission cycle of L. braziliensis in these indigenous villages.MethodsFrom March 2015 to March 2016, sand flies were collected using light traps in the indoor and immediate outdoor environments in the three indigenous villages that reported the most cutaneous leishmaniasis cases during the 2012–2013 outbreak. Moreover, samples obtained from 300 dogs living in the outbreak villages and two nearby villages were tested by a rapid immunochromatographic test and by a real-time PCR for detecting anti-Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA, respectively.ResultsIn total, 5640 sand flies belonging to 11 species were identified. Males (n = 3540) predominated over females (n = 2100). Migonemyia migonei (84.3%) was the most abundant species, followed by Evandromyia lenti (5.5%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (4.1%), Nyssomyia intermedia (1.6%) and Micropygomyia capixaba (1.4%), representing together ~97% of the sand flies collected. Nine out of the 11 species identified in this study were found indoors, including M. migonei, L. longipalpis and N. intermedia, which are proven vectors of Leishmania spp. Out of 300 dogs tested, 26 (8.7%) presented anti-Leishmania antibodies and six (2%) were Leishmania DNA-positive. The level of exposure in dogs living in the indigenous villages where the 2012–2013 outbreak of human CL was detected was almost 2-fold higher than in the two nearby villages (11.0 vs 6.2% for serology and 2.6 vs 1.4% for real-time PCR).ConclusionsThe results suggest that different sand fly vectors may be adapted to human dwellings, thus increasing the risk of transmission in the indoor and immediate outdoor environments. The adaptation of sand flies to the indoor environment in the studied indigenous villages may be partly explained by the poor housing conditions and the proximity of the houses to crop plantations and forest fragments.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3383-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Natural infection by different Leishmania spp. has been reported in these marsupials in the New World (Table 3 ) (Santiago et al 2007 ; Quintal et al 2011 ; Carreira et al 2012 ; Lima et al 2013 ; Silva et al 2016 ; Maia et al 2018 ). For example, in urban and peri-urban areas of Southeastern Brazil, D. albiventris and D. aurita opossums displayed a high prevalence (i.e., 91.96%; n = 103/112) of L. infantum through PCR screening of DNA isolated from bone marrow, supporting their role as hosts of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (Santiago et al 2007 ).…”

Section: Arthropods and Vector-borne Pathogens Associated With Didelphis Sppmentioning

confidence: 89%

Didelphis spp. opossums and their parasites in the Americas: A One Health perspective

et al. 2021

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Medium sized opossums (Didelphis spp.) are among the most fascinating mammals of the Americas, playing important ecological roles (e.g., dispersal of seeds and control of insect populations) in the environment they inhabit. Nevertheless, as synanthropic animals, they are well adapted to human dwellings, occupying shelters within the cities, peripheral areas, and rural settings. These marsupials can harbor numerous pathogens, which may affect people, pets, and livestock. Among those, some protozoa (e.g., Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii), helminths (e.g., Ancylostoma caninum, Trichinella spiralis, Alaria marcianae, Paragonimus spp.) and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas) present substantial public health and veterinary importance, due to their capacity to cause disease in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here, we reviewed the role played by opossums on the spreading of zoonotic parasites, vectors, and vector-borne pathogens, highlighting the risks of pathogens transmission due to the direct and indirect interaction of humans and domestic animals with Didelphis spp. in the Americas.

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Parasite Biology: The Reservoir Hosts

Cited by 18 publications

References 188 publications

Failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: A screening coverage issue?

Failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: A screening coverage issue?

Home sweet home: sand flies find a refuge in remote indigenous villages in north-eastern Brazil, where leishmaniasis is endemic

Didelphis spp. opossums and their parasites in the Americas: A One Health perspective

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