Paraphenylene diamine (Kala Pathar) poisoning in children of Bahawalpur and surrounding areas

Abstract

Background: Paraphenylene diamine (commonly known as Kala Pathar in Pakistan) poisoning is a common presentation in adults as well as pediatric patients in Southern Punjab. The study was carried out to assess paraphenylene diamine poisoning in pediatric cases.
 Patients and methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out at Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. All the pediatric cases (<15 years age) of paraphenylene diamine poisoning reported during April 2021 to April 2022. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS.
 Results: Total 84 children presented at pediatric department of the hospital. Out of these, 43 (51.2%) were males and 41 (48.8%) were females. Age range was between 02 months and 15 years, mean age being 9.4 + 4.49 years. Majority of cases (46.6%) ingested paraphenylene diamine accidentally, followed by suicidal intention (29.8%), homicidal intent (21.4%) and unknown motive in 2.4% cases. Of all, 49 (58.3%) died of poisoning and 35 (41.7%) survived. Of all the cases, 44 (52.4%) underwent emergency tracheostomy.
 Conclusions: Paraphenylene diamine poisoning in children is an alarming trend. Although majority of the cases ingested it accidently but intake due to suicidal or homicidal reason were also high. Positive outcome was associated with higher age, carrying out early tracheostomy and mode of poisoning (homicidal cases had poorest outcome whereas accidental and suicidal pediatric cases had more chances of survival).

Myths About Breastfeeding as Voiced by Lactating Nurses and Midwives: A Qualitative Study at the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

“…Myths surrounding breastfeeding practices have been extensively documented to negatively affect the rate of breastfeeding across different cultures and continents in the world ( Akram et al, 2017 ; Eram, 2017 ; García-Magdaleno & Laureano-Eugenio, 2019 ; Isytiaroh, 2018 ; Koura, 2019 ; Lajuna et al, 2020 ; Martins et al, 2020 ; Muggaga et al, 2017 ; Prado et al, 2016 ; Rahadini & Rahmat, 2018 ; Sámano et al, 2020 ; Tsegaye et al, 2019 ; Wanjohi et al, 2016 ; Yurtsal et al, 2016 ). One of the myths expressed about breastfeeding included insufficient milk production and this myth leads most mothers to wean their infants earlier than recommended ( Isytiaroh, 2018 ; Prado et al, 2016 ; Sandhi et al, 2020 ; Tsegaye et al, 2019 ; Vargas-Zarate et al, 2020 ; Zakar et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Others associate breastfeeding with causing gastrointestinal problems and fever ( Koura, 2019 ; Prado et al, 2016 ). Some lactating mothers hold unsubstantiated views about avoiding certain foods when breastfeeding ( Akram et al, 2017 ; Koura, 2019 ; Rahadini & Rahmat, 2018 ) which may deny the infants of certain required nutrients. Others are fixed on vague ideas that, formula is as good as breast milk and the amount of formula given to infants determines the rate at which those infants demand for breast milk ( Koura, 2019 ; Yurtsal et al, 2016 ).…”