Paranoid thinking and perceived competitive intention

Abstract

Paranoid thinking, that others are hostile, can be seen even in the general population. Paranoia is considered the expectation that others are competitors who aim to maximize the differences in payoffs rather than maximize their own payoffs. This study examined whether paranoia reflects the irrational belief that others have a competitive intention and is associated with avoiding perceived competition. We recruited 884 US residents via the Internet and conducted a modified Dictator Game, in which monetary allocation was carried out between the Dictator and the Recipient. The Dictator chooses either fair or competitive allocation while selecting the competitive allocation is irrelevant to increasing the Dictator’s payoffs. The Recipient decides whether to accept the Dictator’s decision or receive sure but low rewards. We found that Recipients with high-level paranoid thinking expected their opponent to select competitive allocation more than those with low levels, even when selecting it was costly for Dictators. Paranoid thinking was not associated with selecting sure rewards or competitive allocations. The results suggest that paranoia reflects the belief that others have a competitive intention but is not related to avoidance behavior against perceived threats and unilateral attacks.

Perceptions of dominant leadership in the workplace are associated with paranoid ideation

“…Perceptions of social threats induce individuals to cope with the perceived harm, and submission to perceived threats can also be viewed as a strategy that paranoid individuals may use in response to perceived harm (Freeman et al, 2005;Gilbert et al, 2005). Previous experimental studies have also reported that paranoia does not necessarily predict avoidance behavior toward social threats (Horita, 2023). This study suggests that the pathway stimulating social learning is not limited to the influence of the prestigious model and that learning through submission to superiors plays a role in human society.…”

“…However, paranoia is considered a continuum, and mild paranoia can be observed in the general population (Bebbington et al, 2013;Freeman et al, 2005Freeman et al, , 2011. Some empirical studies have investigated the cognitive and behavioral mechanisms of paranoia using non-clinical samples and have shown an association between paranoid thoughts and the tendency to attribute harmful intentions to others (Barnby et al, 2020;Comb et al, 2007;Greenburgh et al, 2019;Horita, 2021Horita, , 2023Raihani & Bell, 2017;Saalfeld et al, 2018).…”