Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is Preferentially Expressed in the Association Areas in a Primate Specific Manner

Takaji, Masafumi; Komatsu, Yusuke; Watakabe, Akiya; Hashikawa, Tsutomu; Yamamori, Tetsuo

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp062

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Differential gene expression analysis using in-situ hybridization has been less convincing in the adult primate visual cortex, and although a few studies using microarray analysis of visual cortical areas have demonstrated changes across areas, the results are very limited. For example, one study looking at genes differentially expressed across macaque neocortical areas, screened for by restriction landmark cDNA scanning, demonstrated an enriched expression of the paraneoplastic antigen-like 5 gene in association areas but not primary sensory areas (Takaji et al 2009). …”

Section: Parcellation and Connectivity Of The Visual Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair

Bourne

2010

Journal of Anatomy

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The visual cortex comprises over 50 areas in the human, each with a specified role and distinct physiology, connectivity and cellular morphology. How these individual areas emerge during development still remains something of a mystery and, although much attention has been paid to the initial stages of the development of the visual cortex, especially its lamination, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the arealization and functional organization of this region of the brain. In recent years we have started to discover that it is the interplay of intrinsic (molecular) and extrinsic (afferent connections) cues that are responsible for the maturation of individual areas, and that there is a spatiotemporal sequence in the maturation of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex, V1) and the multiple extrastriate ⁄ association areas. Studies in both humans and non-human primates have started to highlight the specific neural underpinnings responsible for the maturation of the visual cortex, and how experience-dependent plasticity and perturbations to the visual system can impact upon its normal development. Furthermore, damage to specific nuclei of the visual cortex, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), is a common occurrence as a result of a stroke, neurotrauma, disease or hypoxia in both neonates and adults alike. However, the consequences of a focal injury differ between the immature and adult brain, with the immature brain demonstrating a higher level of functional resilience. With better techniques for examining specific molecular and connectional changes, we are now starting to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the increased neural plasticity that leads to significant recovery following injury during this early phase of life. Further advances in our understanding of postnatal development ⁄ maturation and plasticity observed during early life could offer new strategies to improve outcomes by recapitulating aspects of the developmental program in the adult brain.

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Section: Parcellation and Connectivity Of The Visual Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair

Bourne

2010

Journal of Anatomy

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“…7,8 Most PNMA genes are expressed in the brains of macaques and mice and their functions remain unknown. 14 PNMA1 – 3 were first identified as genes encoding neuronal auto-antigens using sera from patients with para-neoplastic neurological syndromes. 15 Schüller et al 16 and Campillos et al 13 performed genome-wide analyses and identified additional 12 family genes in humans among which PNMA6 has no mouse orthologue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Novel PNMA-MS1 Gene in Marsupials Suggests the LTR Retrotransposon-Derived PNMA Genes Evolved Differently in Marsupials and Eutherians

Iwasaki¹,

Suzuki²,

Pelekanos³

et al. 2013

DNA Research

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Two major gene families derived from Ty3/Gypsy long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were recently identified in mammals. The sushi-ichi retrotransposon homologue (SIRH) family comprises 12 genes: 11 in eutherians including Peg10 and Peg11/Rtl1 that have essential roles in the eutherian placenta and 1 that is marsupial specific. Fifteen and 12 genes were reported in the second gene family, para-neoplastic antigen MA (PNMA), in humans and mice, respectively, although their biological functions and evolutionary history remain largely unknown. Here, we identified two novel candidate PNMA genes, PNMA-MS1 and -MS2 in marsupials. Like all eutherian-specific PNMA genes, they exhibit the highest homology to a Gypsy12_DR (DR, Danio rerio) Gag protein. PNMA-MS1 is conserved in both Australian and South American marsupial species, the tammar wallaby and grey short-tailed opossum. However, no PNMA-MS1 orthologue was found in eutherians, monotremes or non-mammalian vertebrates. PNMA-MS1 was expressed in the ovary, mammary gland and brain during development and growth in the tammar, suggesting that PNMA-MS1 may have acquired a marsupial-specific function. However, PNMA-MS2 seems to be a pseudogene. The absence of marsupial orthologues of eutherian PNMA genes suggests that the retrotransposition events of the Gypsy12_DR-related retrotransposons that gave rise to the PNMA family occurred after the divergence of marsupials and eutherians.

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“…Among the screened genes, Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and Paraneoplastic antigen-like 5 (PNMA5) are highly expressed in the sensory and prefrontal association areas but are only poorly expressed in V1 (Komatsu et al 2005; Takaji et al 2009). The area-specific expression pattern of these genes was not observed in rodents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal-Enriched SLIT1 Expression in Old World Monkey Cortex Established during the Postnatal Development

et al. 2010

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To elucidate the molecular basis of the specialization of cortical architectures, we searched for genes differentially expressed among neocortical areas of Old World monkeys by restriction landmark cDNA scanning . We found that mRNA of SLIT1, an axon guidance molecule, was enriched in the prefrontal cortex but with developmentally related changes. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that SLIT1 mRNA was mainly distributed in the middle layers of most cortical areas, robustly in the prefrontal cortex and faintly in primary sensory areas. The lowest expression was in the primary visual area. Analyses of other SLIT (SLIT2 and SLIT3) mRNAs showed preferential expression in the prefrontal cortex with a distinct laminar pattern. By contrast, the receptor Roundabout (ROBO1 and ROBO2) mRNAs were widely distributed throughout the cortex. Perinatally, SLIT1 mRNA was abundantly expressed in the cortex with modest area specificity. Downregulation of expression initially occurred in early sensory areas around postnatal day 60 and followed in the association areas. The prefrontal area–enriched SLIT1 mRNA expression results from a relatively greater attenuation of this expression in the other areas. These results suggest that its role is altered postnatally and that this is particularly important for prefrontal connectivity in the Old World monkey cortex.

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Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is Preferentially Expressed in the Association Areas in a Primate Specific Manner

Cited by 34 publications

References 94 publications

Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair

Unravelling the development of the visual cortex: implications for plasticity and repair

Identification of a Novel PNMA-MS1 Gene in Marsupials Suggests the LTR Retrotransposon-Derived PNMA Genes Evolved Differently in Marsupials and Eutherians

Prefrontal-Enriched SLIT1 Expression in Old World Monkey Cortex Established during the Postnatal Development

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