Paramilitarism in Europe after the Great War An Introduction

Gerwarth, Robert; Hörne, John

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654918.003.0001

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…These 'shatter-zones' of empire, as Robert Gerwarth and John Horne put it, all experienced paramilitary violence, intense political and social conflict, and the foundation of new nation-states. 77 While true comparative histories of the Irish Revolution remain rare -Tim Wilson's study of Ulster and Upper Silesia is a notable exceptionthe increasing engagement of historians of the revolution with European parallels has decisively advanced our field, in particular in analysing the meaning and impact of political violence. The recent Dead of the Irish Revolution, which meticulously details every fatality from 1916 to 1921, lays bare the intimacy and cruelty of much of the revolutionary violence in Ireland, but the helpful table and charts in the appendices also reveal the relatively low fatality rate overall.…”

Section: Looking Beyond Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction: New Histories of the Irish Revolution

McConnel

Dháibhéid

2023

Contemporary European History

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The centenary of the Irish Revolution has just concluded, with 2023 marking the hundredth anniversary of the ‘dump arms’ order which ended, albeit ambiguously, the civil war of 1922–3. European history has been accustomed to marking centenaries during the past ten years, from the First World War which overturned a global order, to the Russian Revolution which created a new one, to the post-war national reverberations which created revolutions of their own. The enthusiasm with which these have been marked across Europe has varied considerably, with the sombre ne plus jamais tones of the centenary of the First World War giving way rapidly to the muted if not entirely absent commemorations of the October Revolution in Russia. The island of Ireland has perhaps been more wedded than elsewhere in Europe to the relentless treadmill of centenaries, with the Irish state formally dating its existence to the vanguardist rebellion, popular mandates and political institutions that occurred between 1916 and 1922, and Northern Ireland being dated to 1920. The ‘Decade of Centenaries’, as it is known in Ireland, has been unfolding according to a carefully arranged schedule since 2012; the end, marking the ambiguous conclusion of the Irish Civil War, is finally upon us. The implications of the ‘Decade’ for public history, for the position of professional historians within and outside the academy, and for the broader understanding of the revolutionary decade are significant and have generated their own critical literature.

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Section: Looking Beyond Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction: New Histories of the Irish Revolution

McConnel

Dháibhéid

2023

Contemporary European History

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“…Czarist Russia became a socialist regime, and part of this transformation involved the early establishment of a Ministry of Social Affairs in 1917. The Bolshevik Revolution sent shockwaves through war-torn European societies and triggered a red scare among European establishments (Gerwarth and Horne 2012). Fear of Bolshevism was reinforced by the split of the European Left movements into reformist and revolutionary wings because the Social Democrats had rallied behind their national flags during wartime and supported truce policies and agreements.…”

Section: Making Sense Of the Wartime Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

World Wars and the Establishment of Welfare Ministries

2023

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Welfare ministries are key institutions of modern nation-states. However, we still lack knowledge about when and why national welfare ministries were established. In this paper, we argue that both the First and Second world wars were major driving forces behind the establishment of independent welfare ministries. To test our argument, we introduce a novel dataset on the establishment of welfare-related ministries in 30 countries. Our empirical findings suggest that the establishment of independent welfare ministries was a product of wartime turbulence and the political, economic and social shockwaves set off especially by World War I, which affected many countries at the same time. Considering alternative explanations such as the Spanish Flu, the Bolshevik Revolution or the emergence of new nation-states, we argue that war triggered multiple, interrelated and chronologically staggered transnational events and transformations that had major effects on the social welfare systems of the countries involved. In this light, we conclude that World War I was ultimately the root cause behind the establishment of welfare ministries.

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“…12 In The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, published in 2017, Robert Gerwarth emphasized that the end of the war was far from being a decisive moment in many parts of Europe. 13 The conflicts between Britain, France, Germany and Austria-Hungary may have formally come to an end, but they were rapidly followed by desultory violence for many years afterwards. The collapse of Austria-Hungary and the resulting political chaos led to extended military conflict as new groups and authorities sought to lay claim to territories and resources, at the expense of their neighbours.…”

Section: As An Art-historical Caesuramentioning

confidence: 99%

Myths of Modernism: Austrian Art after 1918

Rampley¹

2023

Art History

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The development of art in Austria after 1918 remains little explored; the main focus of research continues to be fin‐de‐siècle Vienna. Where interwar Austrian modernism is studied at all, interest is mostly limited to the municipal housing sponsored by the Social Democratic council. The main concern of this essay is to examine the reasons for this inconsistency and comparative neglect. It explores the ways in which the historiography of Austrian post‐war modernism has been informed by wider historical assumptions, about the role of the First World War as a cultural‐political caesura, for instance, or by ambivalence about interwar Austrian history and its slide into fascism, or valorization of the avant‐garde. A comparison is also drawn with accounts of art in interwar Czechoslovakia, where modernist practices are much celebrated since they have assumed a legitimating function for Czech and Slovak culture in the present.

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Paramilitarism in Europe after the Great War An Introduction

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Introduction: New Histories of the Irish Revolution

Introduction: New Histories of the Irish Revolution

World Wars and the Establishment of Welfare Ministries

Myths of Modernism: Austrian Art after 1918

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