Parametric Investigation on Different Bone Densities to avoid Thermal Necrosis during Bone Drilling Process

Abstract

Bone drilling is a universal surgical procedure commonly used for internal fracture fixation, implant placement, or reconstructive surgery in orthopedics and dentistry. The increased temperature during such treatment increases the risk of thermal penetration of the bone, which may delay healing or compromise the fixation’s integrity. Thus, avoiding penetration during bone drilling is critical to ensuring the implant’s stability, which needs surgical drills with an optimized design. Bovine femur and mandible bones are chosen as the work material since human bones are not available, and they are the closest animal bone to human bone in terms of properties. In the present study, the Taguchi fractional factorial approach was used to determine the best design of surgical drills by comparing the drilling properties (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio and temperature rise). The control factors (spindle speed, drill bit diameter, drill site depth, and their levels) were arranged in an L9 orthogonal array. Drilling experiments were done using nine experimental drills with three repetitions. The findings of this study indicate that the ideal values of the surgical drill’s three parameters combination (S1D1Di2) and their percentage contribution are dependent on the drilling levels of the parameters. However, the result shows that the spindle speed has the highest temperature effect among other parameters in both (femur and mandible) bones.

Quantifying the Impact of Drilling Parameters on Temperature Elevation within Bone during the Process of Implant Site Preparation

“…The main section of interest in the femur bones was the middle diaphysis, which contains the most compact bone compared to other regions of the skeletal system. This compact bone, commonly known as cortical bone, coexists with a less dense and more porous section called trabecular bone [4]. To this study, the researchers specifically focused on the cortical bone obtained from the femoral shaft of young cows aged between two and three years [5].…”

“…Numerous research studies have explored the effects of drilling conditions, bone type, density, drill-bit shape, and irrigation on maximum temperatures and exposure periods during bone drilling, with the aim of identifying factors to prevent thermal osteonecrosis [3][4][5]. However, some studies have reported contradictory results, which might be attributed to sources of measurement uncertainty rather than the analytical methodologies employed [6][7][8].…”

Drill Bit Design and Its Effect on Temperature Distribution and Osteonecrosis During Implant Site Preparation: An Experimental Approach

“…Conical drill bits have been shown to lead to substantial heat elevation because of the increased friction caused by their wider cutting surface at the base [6]. Similar to the effect of twist bits, the heat generated by conical bits can risk causing thermal osteonecrosis, posing IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2643/1/012020 2 a threat to the success of surgical procedures [7]. Understanding these thermal effects is critical for improving surgical techniques and preventing bone damage during orthopedic operations [8].…”