Parameterizations for sea spray aerosol production flux

Song, Aijing; Li, Jianlong; Tsona, Narcisse T.; Du, Lin

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105776

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Current studies on SSA flux are predominantly derived from models based on sea spray source functions, which utilize various research methods such as in situ observations and laboratory simulations. 66 These studies primarily focus on SSA with r 80 sub-30 μm, 67,68 as larger SSA return to the sea surface in drops that do not contribute to the effective SSA production flux. 69 Therefore, within the outlined in Table 1.…”

Section: Microplastic Size-cut and Oceanic Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the average RH at the sea surface being ∼80%, SSA radius changes as r drop ( RH = 99 % , initial radius ) = 2 r 80 ( RH = 80 % ) = 4 r dry ( dry SSA particles ) Next, the selection of SSA flux parametrizations for constraining microplastic emissions is discussed. Current studies on SSA flux are predominantly derived from models based on sea spray source functions, which utilize various research methods such as in situ observations and laboratory simulations . These studies primarily focus on SSA with r 80 sub-30 μm, , as larger SSA return to the sea surface in drops that do not contribute to the effective SSA production flux .…”

Section: Theoretical Upper Limit Of Global Microplastic Sea–air Emiss...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Perspective on the Controversy over Global Emission Fluxes of Microplastics from Ocean into the Atmosphere

Yang,

Lu,

Wang

2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Since the transfer of microplastic across the sea−air interface was first reported in 2020, numerous studies have been conducted on its emission flux estimation. However, these studies have shown significant discrepancies in the estimated contribution of oceanic sources to global atmospheric microplastics, with evaluations ranging from predominant to negligible, varying by 4 orders of magnitude from 7.7 × 10 −4 to 8.6 megatons per year, thereby creating considerable confusion in the research on the microplastic cycle. Here, we provide a perspective by applying the well-established theory of particulate transfer through the sea−air interface. The upper limit of global sea−air emission flux microplastics was calculated, aiming to constrain the controversy in the previously reported fluxes. Specifically, the flux of sub-100 μm microplastic cannot exceed 0.01 megatons per year, and for sub-0.1 μm nanoplastics, it would not exceed 3 × 10 −7 megatons per year. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the sea−air limb in the "plastic cycle", and facilitates the management of future microplastic pollution.

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Section: Microplastic Size-cut and Oceanic Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Upper Limit Of Global Microplastic Sea–air Emiss...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Controversy over Global Emission Fluxes of Microplastics from Ocean into the Atmosphere

Yang,

Lu,

Wang

2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…At sufficiently high wind speeds, the energy of breaking waves increases, resulting in the generation of sea spray droplets. These droplets are forcefully ejected from the wave crests, while the crashing breakers produce spray as they collide with the surface below (Lenain and Melville, 2017;Song et al, 2023). Consequently, SSGFs that neglect wave effects are incomplete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameterization scheme of the sea surface drag coefficient considering the influence of wave states and sea spray stress

Zhao,

Shi,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The drag coefficient of the sea surface is crucial for the exchange of momentum between the ocean and atmosphere. The wave state significantly influences the variability of the drag coefficient. In the past, researchers commonly employed single-parameterization methods to describe this influence. However, the influence of wave conditions on drag coefficient is complex and variable, and it is difficult to accurately describe it with a single parameter alone. Wave age represents the ability of wind-induced waves to input energy, while wave steepness reflects the stability of the waves. By simultaneously considering wave age and wave steepness, a more accurate characterization of the dynamic nature of waves can be achieved. Additionally, the presence of sea spray profoundly impacts the distribution of the momentum flux between the ocean and atmosphere, thereby influencing the drag coefficient of the sea surface. In this study, we established a novel sea spray generation function that bases on both the wind speed and wave states (wave steepness and wave age). Considering this function, the momentum flux of sea spray droplets was analyzed under different wave states. Moreover, with increasing wave age or wave steepness, the effective sea surface drag coefficient is attenuated at low to moderate wind speeds. Considering the challenge of simultaneously obtaining wave age and wave steepness data, this paper proposes a relationship equation between the two wave state parameters. When the wave age is greater than 0.4, the correlation between the wave age and the wave steepness is strong. As the wind speed increases from low to high, there is a noticeable decrease in the effective sea surface drag coefficient with the corresponding increase in wave age. When the wave age is less than 0.4, the wave steepness reaches a maximum value, and the effective sea surface drag coefficient increases with the increase of the wave age at medium and low wind speed. With further increases in wind speed, the momentum flux derived from the air also increases. Simultaneously, the effective sea surface drag coefficient exhibits a decrease as wave age increases.

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“…Sea salt aerosol, produced at the ocean surface, constitutes the most abundant natural aerosol in the Earth system and profoundly impacts global climate. , By acting as light scatterers (direct radiative effect) or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) , (indirect radiative effect), sea salt aerosol can offset a considerable fraction of global warming caused by greenhouse gases and light absorbing particles. Both direct and indirect radiative effects are closely related to the particle number size distribution (PNSD) of sea salt aerosol, which is fundamental in deriving sea spray source functions, an important input in global chemical transport models. However, our knowledge of sea salt PNSD is limited due to the challenges in distinguishing sea salt from other components, such as organic matter, non-sea salt (nss) sulfate, at small sizes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Sub-micrometer Ambient Sea Salt Number Size Distribution by Positive Matrix Factorization

Xu,

Zhong,

Lin

et al. 2024

ACS EST Air

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Sea salt aerosol is the largest natural aerosol source. The particle number size distribution (PNSD) of sea salt aerosol determines its direct and indirect radiative forcing. The PNSD of sea salt is important in quantifying the contribution of sea salt to marine cloud nuclei population. However, measuring the PNSD of sea salt is challenging, especially for sub-micrometer particles. In this study, we propose an approach to determine the PNSD of sea salt by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) on ambient particle number size distribution data. Using the bulk PM 1 (particulate matter smaller than 1 μm in diameter) sea salt mass concentration as an external constraint, the PNSD of sea salt can be successfully retrieved. This approach is expected to advance our understanding of the global distribution and climate impact of sea salt aerosol.

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Parameterizations for sea spray aerosol production flux

Cited by 6 publications

References 108 publications

A Perspective on the Controversy over Global Emission Fluxes of Microplastics from Ocean into the Atmosphere

A Perspective on the Controversy over Global Emission Fluxes of Microplastics from Ocean into the Atmosphere

Parameterization scheme of the sea surface drag coefficient considering the influence of wave states and sea spray stress

Identification of Sub-micrometer Ambient Sea Salt Number Size Distribution by Positive Matrix Factorization

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