Paralytic shellfish toxins seem absent in extracts of diarrhetic shellfish toxins

Stabell, Ole B.; Yndestad, Magne; Heidenreich, Brit

doi:10.1002/etc.5620100305

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…To date, these toxins have not been included in the official shellfish monitoring, however, their existence can lead to incorrect results when applying an MBA. Besides, a mouse bioassay may give false positive results in the presence of other substances than biotoxins, such as higher contents of zinc or fatty acids [4,5,21,22,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Mali Ston Bay during DSP Toxicity Episodes

et al. 2015

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The Croatian National Monitoring Program revealed the presence of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxicity in Mediterranean blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from breeding farms in southern Adriatic Sea through January to June 2011. The mouse bioassay tests (MBA; at the time the official method for DSP toxins) were accompanied by atypical symptomatology in the animals and this caused doubts about the assay results. Consequently, in parallel studies reported here, the concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soft tissue of DSP positive and negative mussels samples was determined. Cd, Cr, Zn and Ni show higher values in approximately 75% of the DSP positive samples, whereas for Pb and Cr the values were 26% and 34%, respectively. This trend was unchanged during the whole observation period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Mali Ston Bay during DSP Toxicity Episodes

et al. 2015

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“…Moreover, if the assay had been subjected to formal validation, a standardised and optimised protocol would have been developed for use by all laboratories, and the reliability and relevance of the assay for its stated purpose would have been fully assessed. It is noteworthy that there is other evidence for interlaboratory variation in data obtained with the MBA (72), and also for the results obtained being dependent on the body weight, sex and the strain of mice used (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The current EU legislation (15) stipulates that a series of MBA procedures can be used to detect the presence of DSP toxins in either the hepatopancreas or whole body of shellfish, in conjunction with solvent extraction. The choice of solvent is absolutely crucial, as it dictates the sensitivity and specificity of the test, by affecting which toxins can be detected (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). For example, a single MBA with acetone extraction is sufficient to detect OA, DTXs, PTXs and YTXs.…”

Section: Detecting Dsp Toxins By Using the Mouse Bioassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mouse Bioassay for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: A Gross Misuse of Laboratory Animals and of Scientific Methodology

Combes

2003

Altern Lab Anim

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The UK shellfish industry has recently been affected by the statutory closure of several cockle beds, following the detection of samples causing rapid and severe reactions in the regulatory approved test for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, the mouse bioassay (MBA). It is contended that these so-called atypical results are due to procedural artefacts of the MBA; so far, several studies have failed to identify their cause. This paper critically assesses the development, regulatory use and methodological deficiencies of the MBA. It also discusses how testing for DSP toxins could and should have been improved and made more humane by applying the Three Rs concept of Reduction, Refinement and Replacement, and by the proper validation of the test method used. It is concluded that the MBA should not have been developed for the routine screening of shellfish samples, as it has a substantially severe endpoint and is not used as part of a tiered-testing strategy with non-animal methods. Moreover, during the UK monitoring programme for DSP toxins, the assay has been used without an optimised and universal protocol, and apparently without due regard to the principles of basic scientific methodology. In view of this, the atypical results obtained for cockle samples cannot be relied on as evidence of a human health hazard. It is recommended that the use of the MBA should be discontinued as soon as possible, in favour of other methods, especially those involving non-animal techniques. In the short-term, these methods should be based on analytical chemical detection systems and the essential availability of the relevant pure toxin standards. The lack of any known toxins in samples should be taken as evidence of lack of contamination. The suitability of the existing non-animal methods needs to be assessed as a matter of urgency. It is crucial that all new methods should be properly validated, and that their acceptability for their stated purposes should be endorsed by recognised criteria and validation centres, before being recommended to, or required by, regulatory agencies. In this way, the possibility that scientifically unsuitable methods will once again be used for monitoring for the contamination of shellfish with toxins can be avoided. This gross misuse of laboratory animals and ill-judged application of science should never be allowed to occur again.

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“…Several studies have been carried out on phytoplankton toxins within the framework of monitoring programmes and the accumulation of trace metals in bivalve molluscs. Studies showed that MBA gave false-positive results because of the trace metals content in the mussels [2,3,[31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Manganese Bioaccumulated in Mediterranean Blue Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Bay of Mali Ston (Adriatic Sea, Croatia) during Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxicity

Vuletić

Lušić

Anđelić

2021

JMSE

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Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxicity was revealed in the Mediterranean blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Bay of Mali Ston, in the south part of the Eastern Adriatic Sea, through the Croatian National Monitoring Programme in the period from January until June of 2011. A survey of DSP toxicity within the frame of regular controls carried out through the mouse bioassay (MBA, at the time the official method for DSP toxins) demonstrated that in some incidents, positive MBA, which manifested by the atypical symptomatology of the animals, dominated. Additional studies were done to explain the atypical results of the conducted biological tests at the time. In the current study, the bioaccumulated manganese concentration in the soft tissues of mussels was measured to investigate its influence on the MBA results. In both DSP negative and DSP positive samples, which were prepared for the analysis according to the modified US EPA 3052 method, the concentration of the bioaccumulated manganese was performed on the atomic absorption spectrometer using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. The analysis revealed higher concentration of manganese in 87% of DSP positive samples and the expressed per wet weight ranged from 0.15 to 5.38 mg kg−1. The mean concentration of manganese for all DSP positive samples was 1.78 mg kg−1, while for DSP negative samples, it was 48% lower (0.93 mg kg−1). The highest concentration of manganese in DSP positive samples was measured in February 2011. Since the low concentrations of lipophilic biotoxins gymnodimines (GYMs) and spirolides (SPXs) were also detected in the analysed DSP positive samples in the parallel studies, the results obtained in this study suggest future investigations of the connection between the concentration of manganese and lipophilic biotoxins.

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Paralytic shellfish toxins seem absent in extracts of diarrhetic shellfish toxins

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Mali Ston Bay during DSP Toxicity Episodes

Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Mali Ston Bay during DSP Toxicity Episodes

The Mouse Bioassay for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: A Gross Misuse of Laboratory Animals and of Scientific Methodology

Analysis of Manganese Bioaccumulated in Mediterranean Blue Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Bay of Mali Ston (Adriatic Sea, Croatia) during Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxicity

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