Paralytic shellfish toxins, including deoxydecarbamoyl-STX, in wild-caught Tasmanian abalone (Haliotis rubra)

Harwood, D. Tim; Selwood, Andrew I.; Ginkel, Roel van; Waugh, Craig; McNabb, Paul; Munday, Rex; Hay, B.; Thomas, Krista; Quilliam, Michael A.; Malhi, Navreet; Natalie, Dowsett,; McLeod, Catherine

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.058

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Additionally, sunstars are unlikely to have vastly different diets to some other starfish species (e.g., Asterias rubens ), highlighting starfish and sunstars utilising the same niche showed significantly different toxicities. Sunstars have also been shown to be adaptive hunters, preying on readily available organisms [ 96 ], thus, making it unlikely that their prey are the same in all the geographic locations. Although, toxin accumulation in sunstars could feasibly occur following ingestion of algal cysts, it is unclear why any potential accumulation via this route is far more consistent in sunstars than other benthic organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sunstars could have a low toxin depuration rate, as noted in abalone gastropods [ 97 , 98 , 99 ], and which could explain consistently high toxicity, potentially making them more at risk than other benthic organisms for accumulating PSTs. This would imply that larger and thus older sunstars [ 96 ] should have higher toxicity. The study showed no correlation between diameter of sunstar and toxicity (n = 6) (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple New Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Vectors in Offshore North Sea Benthos, a Deep Secret Exposed

et al. 2020

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In early 2018, a large easterly storm hit the East Anglian coast of the UK, colloquially known as the ‘Beast from the East’, which also resulted in mass strandings of benthic organisms. There were subsequent instances of dogs consuming such organisms, leading to illness and, in some cases, fatalities. Epidemiological investigations identified paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) as the cause, with toxins present in a range of species and concentrations exceeding 14,000 µg STX eq./kg in the sunstar Crossaster papposus. This study sought to better elucidate the geographic spread of any toxicity and identify any key organisms of concern. During the summers of 2018 and 2019, various species of benthic invertebrates were collected from demersal trawl surveys conducted across a variety of locations in the North Sea. An analysis of the benthic epifauna using two independent PST testing methods identified a ‘hot spot’ of toxic organisms in the Southern Bight, with a mean toxicity of 449 µg STX eq./kg. PSTs were quantified in sea chervil (Alcyonidium diaphanum), the first known detection in the phylum bryozoan, as well as eleven other new vectors (>50 µg STX eq./kg), namely the opisthobranch Scaphander lignarius, the starfish Anseropoda placenta, Asterias rubens, Luidia ciliaris, Astropecten irregularis and Stichastrella rosea, the brittlestar Ophiura ophiura, the crustaceans Atelecyclus rotundatus and Munida rugosa, the sea mouse Aphrodita aculeata, and the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. The two species that showed consistently high PST concentrations were C. papposus and A. diaphanum. Two toxic profiles were identified, with one dominated by dcSTX (decarbamoylsaxitoxin) associated with the majority of samples across the whole sampling region. The second profile occurred only in North-Eastern England and consisted of mostly STX (Saxitoxin) and GTX2 (gonyautoxin 2). Consequently, this study highlights widespread and variable levels of PSTs in the marine benthos, together with the first evidence for toxicity in a large number of new species. These findings highlight impacts to ‘One Health’, with the unexpected sources of toxins potentially creating risks to animal, human and environmental health, with further work required to assess the severity and geographical/temporal extent of these impacts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple New Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Vectors in Offshore North Sea Benthos, a Deep Secret Exposed

et al. 2020

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“…Toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs) for STX, NEO, dcSTX, dcNEO, dcGTX2&3, GTX1-6, C2 and C4 were taken from EFSA recommendations [127]. TEFs for other congeners C1, C3, dcGTX1&4, doSTX were taken from other published evidence [6,89,95]. Semi-quantitation of M-toxins was conducted using a RRF of 1.0 in comparison to the calibration response generated by the nearest structurally similar analogue with TEFs taken as 0.1 (M1, M3 and M5) and 0.3 (M2 and M4) as derived from EFSA TEF data for GTX5&6 and 11-hydroxy STX, respectively [95].…”

Section: Uhplc-hilic-ms/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, a post-column oxidation (PCOX) LC-FLD method was validated [83,84] and both LC-FLD methods have been adopted by the AOAC as Official First Action methods (AOAC 2005.06 [74] and AOAC 2011.02 [85]). The PreCOX method is implemented into the official control testing programmes of European member states, the UK and New Zealand [82,[86][87][88][89] with the PCOX method approved for use in the US and Canada by the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference [90]. In 2011, a PSP receptor binding assay (RBA) was validated [91,92] and adopted by the AOAC as a first action method (AOAC 2011.27 [93]) for the analysis of mussels and clams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Six Detection Methods for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish from Four Regions within Latin America

et al. 2020

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With the move away from use of mouse bioassay (MBA) to test bivalve mollusc shellfish for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, countries around the world are having to adopt non-animal-based alternatives that fulfil ethical and legal requirements. Various assays have been developed which have been subjected to single-laboratory and multi-laboratory validation studies, gaining acceptance as official methods of analysis and approval for use in some countries as official control testing methods. The majority of validation studies conducted to date do not, however, incorporate shellfish species sourced from Latin America. Consequently, this study sought to investigate the performance of five alternative PSP testing methods together with the MBA, comparing the PSP toxin data generated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The methods included a receptor binding assay (RBA), two liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) methods including both pre-column and post-column oxidation, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a commercial lateral flow assay (LFA) from Scotia. A total of three hundred and forty-nine shellfish samples from Argentina, Mexico, Chile and Uruguay were assessed. For the majority of samples, qualitative results compared well between methods. Good statistical correlations were demonstrated between the majority of quantitative results, with a notably excellent correlation between the current EU reference method using pre-column oxidation LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS. The LFA showed great potential for qualitative determination of PSP toxins, although the findings of high numbers of false-positive results and two false negatives highlighted that some caution is still needed when interpreting results. This study demonstrated that effective replacement methods are available for countries that no longer wish to use the MBA, but highlighted the importance of comparing toxin data from the replacement method using local shellfish species of concern before implementing new methods in official control testing programs.

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“…Abalone farms are shown as blue dots and mussel farms are shown in red (adapted from DAFF, 2017). (Harwood et al, 2014;Hallegraeff and Bolch, 2016). HABs can also pose a threat to the physical condition of sardines and associated fisheries (Van der Lingen et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite Ocean Color Based Harmful Algal Bloom Indicators for Aquaculture Decision Support in the Southern Benguela

Smith¹,

Bernard

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Paralytic shellfish toxins, including deoxydecarbamoyl-STX, in wild-caught Tasmanian abalone (Haliotis rubra)

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Multiple New Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Vectors in Offshore North Sea Benthos, a Deep Secret Exposed

Multiple New Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Vectors in Offshore North Sea Benthos, a Deep Secret Exposed

Application of Six Detection Methods for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish from Four Regions within Latin America

Satellite Ocean Color Based Harmful Algal Bloom Indicators for Aquaculture Decision Support in the Southern Benguela

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