Paralytic shellfish toxins in zooplankton, mussels, lobsters and caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during a bloom of Alexandrium fundyense off Grand Manan Island, in the Bay of Fundy

Sephton, DH; Haya, K.; Martin, Jennifer L.; LeGresley, Murielle M.; Page, Fred H.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2007.03.002

Cited by 46 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The primary route of exposure to lobsters and crabs is through the consumption of bivalve molluscs and, though toxins have been detected in several tissue types (e.g. gills, guts, gonads, body meat), the hepatopancreas is the organ that typically contains the highest concentrations and is most frequently contaminated (Shumway, 1995;Torgersen et al, 2005;Jiang et al, 2006;Sephton et al, 2007). The hepatopancreas, known as crab ''butter'' or ''mustard,'' is not commonly consumed, however it is considered a delicacy by some (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of paralytic shellfish poisoning and spirolide toxins by paddle crabs (Ovalipes catharus) via a bivalve vector

2009

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of paralytic shellfish poisoning and spirolide toxins by paddle crabs (Ovalipes catharus) via a bivalve vector

2009

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“…Species-specific differences in sensitivity of fishes to PSTs have been previously investigated (White 1981) and mortality of caged salmon has even been attributed to levels as low as 40 µg STX eq. kg -1 (Sephton et al 2007). Our results point to the high potential vectorial role of Atlantic horse mackerel in the marine food web.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Paralytic shellfish toxins in the Atlantic horse mackerel (<i>Trachurus trachurus</i>) over a bloom of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i>: the prevalence of decarbamoylsaxitoxin in the marine food web

Lage¹,

Costa²

2013

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY: This study reports the accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) over a bloom of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. High levels of toxins, up to 4800 µg STXeq kg -1 , were registered at the peak of the bloom (5.0 10 3 cells l -1 ). The suite of individual PSTs was examined. Decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and B1 constituted nearly 90% of toxins (on a molar basis) determined in mackerel. This profile of toxins markedly differs from the known profile of toxins produced by G. catenatum strains isolated from the Portuguese coast, which is dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins, in particular the C1+2 toxins. The prevalence of the potent dcSTX in the pelagic environment and its transfer through the marine food web is highlighted in this study. Atlantic horse mackerel is identified as a high potential vector of PSTs along the Portuguese coast. This fish species has a central position in the marine food web, being an important predator of zooplankton and at the same time an important diet item of top predators. This study reveals bioaccumulation values that are important for evaluating potential impacts of blooms of PST-producing dinoflagellates on marine ecosystems or their components, such as fish.Keywords: marine toxins, saxitoxin, pelagic fish, phycotoxins, harmful algal blooms. RESUMEN: Determinación De toxinas paralizantes en el jurel (Trachurus Trachurus) Durante una proliferación De Gymnodinium caTenaTum: la prevalencia De Decarbamoilsaxitoxina en la reD trófica marina. -Este estudio reporta la acumulación de toxinas paralizantes de molusco (PSP) en las muestras de jurel (Trachurus trachurus) durante una proliferación do dinoflagelado Gymnodinium catenatum. Los altos niveles de toxinas PSP, alcanzando un valor máximo de 4800 µg STXeq kg -1 , se determinaron en el pico de la proliferación (5.0 10 3 células l -1 ). El perfil de toxinas se examinó y se reveló que los compuestos dcSTX y B1constintuían casi 90% de las toxinas (en base molar) encontrados en las muestras de jurel. Este perfil difiere claramente del perfil de toxinas conocido en cepas de G. catenatum aisladas de la costa portuguesa, que está dominado por toxinas N-sulfocarbamoyl, en particular las toxinas C1+2. Este trabajo muestra la prevalencia de dcSTX el ambiente pelágico y la transferencia de este compuesto a través de la cadena alimentaria. El jurel se identifica como un potencial vector de las toxinas PSP a lo largo de la costa portuguesa. Esta especie de pez tiene una posición central en la cadena alimentaria marina, siendo un importante depredador de zooplancton y, al mismo tiempo un elemento importante de la dieta de los depredadores superiores. Este estudio contribuye con valores ecológicos relevantes para evaluar los potenciales impactos de las proliferaciones de dinoflagelados productores de PST en los ecosistemas marinos o sus componentes, como los peces.Palabras clave: toxinas marinas, saxitoxina, peces pelágicos, ficotoxinas, proliferacions de algas nocivas. S...

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“…Lobsters, such as the American lobster Homarus americanus, are also known to be vectors of PSP toxins but have not received as much attention in the literature. Higher PSP levels have been consistently found in the hepatopancreas (also known as lobster tomalley) tissues (WatsonWright et al, 1991;Cembella and Desbiens, 1994), with low levels detectable in the tail meat and gills (Sephton et al, 2007). Lobster hepatopancreas toxicity became such a concern that in 1990 the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans extended its existing PSP monitoring program to include lobster (Lawrence et al, 1994).…”

Section: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PSP toxins also accumulate in zooplanktivorous fish such as Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Sephton et al, 2007), herring, Clupea harengus harengus (White, 1981), and mackerel, Scomber scombrus (Castonguay et al, 1997). Toxins generally do not accumulate in the muscle thereby minimizing the risk to human consumers; however, those who consume whole fish are at greater risk of exposure.…”

Section: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Seafood safety and human health perspectives

Etheridge

2010

Toxicon

270

145

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a b s t r a c tParalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is the foodborne illness associated with the consumption of seafood products contaminated with the neurotoxins known collectively as saxitoxins (STXs). This family of neurotoxins binds to voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby attenuating action potentials by preventing the passage of sodium ions across the membrane. Symptoms include tingling, numbness, headaches, weakness and difficulty breathing. Medical treatment is to provide respiratory support, without which the prognosis can be fatal. To protect human health, seafood harvesting bans are in effect when toxins exceed a safe action level (typically 80 mg STX eq 100 g À1 tissue). Though worldwide fatalities have occurred, successful management and monitoring programs have minimized PSP cases and associated deaths. Much is known about the toxin sources, primarily certain dinoflagellate species, and there is extensive information on toxin transfer to traditional vectors -filter-feeding molluscan bivalves. Non-traditional vectors, such as puffer fish and lobster, may also pose a risk. Rapid and reliable detection methods are critical for toxin monitoring in a wide range of matrices, and these methods must be appropriately validated for regulatory purposes. This paper highlights PSP seafood safety concerns, documented human cases, applied detection methods as well as monitoring and management strategies for preventing PSP-contaminated seafood products from entering the food supply.Published by Elsevier Ltd. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and sourcesParalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a common seafood toxicity problem with worldwide distribution, and typically this illness is due to the consumption of contaminated molluscan bivalves and other shellfish. A similar seafood-related syndrome involves puffer fish contaminated with the same family of toxins. To distinguish these puffer fish poisonings from those caused by tetrodotoxin, this food poisoning syndrome is becoming known in the literature as saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning (SPFP; Landsberg et al., 2006;Deeds et al., 2008a). The toxins responsible for both of these seafood-borne illnesses are the neurotoxins known collectively as the saxitoxins (STXs), also referred to as PSP toxins (or PSTs). At least 24 saxitoxin-like congeners have been identified (Fig. 1), with a range of hydroxyl, carbamyl, and sulfate moieties at four sites on the backbone structure. These substitutions result in congeners varying more than three orders of magnitude in potency (Oshima et al., 1993). The carbamate toxins are the most potent, and they include saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), and the gonyautoxins (GTX1-4). The decarbamoyl toxins (dcSTX, dcNEO, dcGTX1-4) have intermediate toxicity and are reported in certain bivalves, but are not commonly found in toxic dinoflagellates. The N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins (B1 [GTX5], B2 [GTX6] and C1-4) are less potent. There is a fourth group known as the deoxydecarbamoyl toxins, but their potency has not yet *

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Paralytic shellfish toxins in zooplankton, mussels, lobsters and caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during a bloom of Alexandrium fundyense off Grand Manan Island, in the Bay of Fundy

Cited by 46 publications

References 26 publications

Uptake of paralytic shellfish poisoning and spirolide toxins by paddle crabs (Ovalipes catharus) via a bivalve vector

Uptake of paralytic shellfish poisoning and spirolide toxins by paddle crabs (Ovalipes catharus) via a bivalve vector

Paralytic shellfish toxins in the Atlantic horse mackerel (<i>Trachurus trachurus</i>) over a bloom of <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i>: the prevalence of decarbamoylsaxitoxin in the marine food web

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Seafood safety and human health perspectives

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