Paralytic shellfish toxins in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, in Hong Kong

Mak, Kylie C.Y; Li, Ashley M.Y.; Hsieh, Dennis P. H.; Wong, Patsy S.; Lam, Michael; Wu, Renren; Richardson, Bruce J.; Lam, Paul K.S.

doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00462-9

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In the tissue of the mussels exposed to A. tamarense (ACTI01), approximately 80% of the PSTs found were C2 toxins; GTX1, GTX3, and GTX4 accounted for the bulk of the remaining toxins. Previous studies suggest that attention should be focused on C2 toxins, which dominate the PST contamination of local shellfish [14,17]. This finding justifies the use of C2 toxins in modeling the biokinetics of PSTs in P. viridis in the present study.…”

Section: Toxin Distributionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green‐lipped mussel, Perna viridis: A dynamic model

Hsieh

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, were investigated by exposing the mussels to dinoflagellates (Alexandrium tamarense, ACTI01) under laboratory conditions for 8 d, then depurating them in clean seawater for 14 d. First-order linear differential equations were set up for five tissue compartments: Viscera, gill, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, and foot. The solutions to these equations were used to fit the experimental data. We then estimated the parameters governing the model, which depend on the elimination rate from each compartment and the transfer coefficient between compartments. An assumption of the model is that the gills transport the dinoflagellates directly to the mouth and then to the viscera, where the ingested cells are broken down, releasing the toxins. The toxins absorbed are transferred to other tissues. During the uptake phase, the transfer coefficients from viscera to gill, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, and foot were 0.03, 0.24, 0.01, and 0.004 per day, respectively. During the depuration phase, the transfer coefficients were 0.01, 0, 0.01, and 0.003 per day, respectively. In terms of the anatomical distribution of N-sulfocarbamoyl-11-hydroxysulfate (C2) toxins in various tissues, viscera and hepatopancreas contained the highest percentages (47-74% and 8-41%, respectively). Together, these two tissue compartments accounted for 71 to 96% of all C2 toxins present. The biokinetic model allows a quantitative prediction of C2 toxins in whole ussel as well as individual tissue compartments based on the density estimates and toxin load of dinoflagellate cells in the surrounding waters over time.

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Section: Toxin Distributionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…These species produce primarily the N ‐sulfocarbamoyl C toxins that have relatively low potency [11–13]. Indeed, the N ‐sulfocarbamoyl‐11‐hydroxysulfate toxin (C2) dominates the PST contamination of shellfish in this region [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green‐lipped mussel, Perna viridis: A dynamic model

Hsieh

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…This standard extraction may ensure the most conservative measurement of PSP toxicity for shellfish in the PSP monitoring programs, so as to provide maximum public health protection to people from PSP intoxication. Owing to the possibility of incomplete hydrolysis of this N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins group to their more potent analogues (Anderson et al, 1996;Turrell et al, 2007), there was still a risk of under detection for these toxins in the samples, in particular those shellfish ingesting C-toxins rich dinoflagellates (Oshima, 1995a;Anderson et al, 1996;Mak et al, 2003). Therefore, if the JRPT is sensitive to these toxins and they are also present at moderate level, a false positive response (relative to the MBA) could result.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational application of a rapid antibody-based detection assay for first line screening of paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish

Wong¹,

Hung²,

Ng³

et al. 2010

Harmful Algae

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“…Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is caused by the consumption of shellfish such as bivalve molluscs contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), a family of compounds related to saxitoxin (STX) which are produced naturally by several species of dinoflagellates. Uptake and depuration of toxins within the flesh of the molluscs varies greatly from one shellfish species to another [1,2,3,4,5], with toxin retention lasting from days to months, depending on the species [5]. Differences in the accumulation of PST between different bivalve species has been reported during a bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense var.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the time of toxin exposure, the burden or amount of overall toxicity per part shifts from one organ to another. Generally, the viscera (organs in the abdominal cavity including the digestive gland), show the highest toxicity [1,2,7]. A five-compartment model has been developed for Perna viridis fed with Alexandrium tamarense [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis)

Andres

Yñiguez

Maister

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Bivalve molluscs represent an important food source within the Philippines, but the health of seafood consumers is compromised through the accumulation of harmful algal toxins in edible shellfish tissues. In order to assess the dynamics of toxin risk in shellfish, this study investigated the uptake, depuration, assimilation, and analogue changes of paralytic shellfish toxins in Perna viridis. Tank experiments were conducted where mussels were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Water and shellfish were sampled over a six day period to determine toxin concentrations in the shellfish meat and water, as well as algal cell densities. The maximum summed toxin concentration determined was 367 µg STX eq./100 g shellfish tissue, more than six times higher than the regulatory action limit in the Philippines. Several uptake and depuration cycles were observed during the study, with the first observed within the first 24 h coinciding with high algal cell densities. Toxin burdens were assessed within different parts of the shellfish tissue, with the highest levels quantified in the mantle during the first 18 h period but shifting towards the gut thereafter. A comparison of toxin profile data evidenced the conversion of GTX1,4 in the source algae to the less potent GTX2,3 in the shellfish tissue. Overall, the study illustrated the temporal variability in Perna viridis toxin concentrations during a modelled algal bloom event, and the accumulation of toxin from the water even after toxic algae were removed.

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Paralytic shellfish toxins in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, in Hong Kong

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green‐lipped mussel, Perna viridis: A dynamic model

Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green‐lipped mussel, Perna viridis: A dynamic model

Operational application of a rapid antibody-based detection assay for first line screening of paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish

Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis)

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