Paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of different geographic populations of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) in Korean coastal waters

Abstract

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profiles of dinoflagellate cultures of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham from the Yellow and South Seas in Korea were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography fluorometric detection. Strains from the Yellow Sea had predominantly carbamate toxins, while strains from Sujeongri and Chindong in the South Sea contained the N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins, C1,2, as major components including the presence of GTX5 and dcSTX in some strains. Toxin profiles from St. Deukryang Bay strains (South Sea) showed both characteristics of those in the South Sea and those in the Yellow Sea. Thirty strains could be divided into three groups based on cluster analysis of toxin compositions. Group I (Yellow Sea strains) was distinguished from Group II (Sujeongri and Chindong strains) by the absence of GTX5 and dcSTX. Group III comprised Deukryang Bay strains. In conclusion, the Yellow Sea and the South Sea were found to have different dinoflagellate populations with different toxin compositions.

Widespread presence of hydrophobic paralytic shellfish toxins in Gymnodinium catenatum

“…Firstly the Korean strain, which contained no GC toxins and had a uniquely high proportion of GTX1 and GTX4 (57%), was most distantly related to all other strains. Other Korean strains were found to be dominated by C1+2, with a minority producing a large proportion of GTX2+3 (Park et al, 2004). The toxin profiles of Japanese strains also grouped well apart from other strains.…”

“…The neurotoxic paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) were confirmed in G. catenatum by compared and contrasted (Anderson et al, 1989;Oshima et al, 1993;Mendez et al, 2001;Negri et al, 2001;Proença and Tamanaha, 2001;Holmes et al, 2002;Ordás et al, 2004;Park et al, 2004;Garáte-Lizárraga et al, 2005). Significant variation in toxin profiles between geographically distinct populations, as well as within-region variation, has been demonstrated (Negri et al, 2001;Ordás et al, 2004;Park et al, 2004;Band-Schmidt et al, 2006).…”

Global toxicology, ecophysiology and population relationships of the chainforming PST dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum

“…Early studies of G. catenatum toxin profiles indicated consistent patterns of variation between regional populations, leading to the view that toxin profiles were relatively conservative, stable markers characteristic of particular regional populations (Oshima et al, 1993). However, recent work covering a larger range of strains indicate a much higher level of intra-population and regional variation in both the presence and amounts of particular STX derivatives (Park et al, 2004;Camino-Ordá s et al, 2004;BandSchmidt et al, 2006; Table 2). Culture-related factors (growth temperature, medium, and chain-length) are known to significantly alter both total STX content as well as the presence and relative (mol%) proportions of STX derivatives (Band-Schmidt et al, 2006).…”

Gymnodinium catenatum Graham isolated from the Portuguese coast: Toxin content and genetic characterization

“…Higher toxicity is linked to the carbamoyl group (saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (Neo) and gonyautoxins (GTX 1-4)), followed by the decarbamoyl toxins (decarbamoyl derivatives of STX, GTX 1-4 and Neo) and the less toxic sulfamate group (C1-C4 and B1-B2). In G. catenatum, the toxin content is commonly dominated by the Nsulfocarbamoyl toxins (Oshima et al, 1993;Camino-Ordá s et al, 2004;Park et al, 2004;Negri et al, 2007;Band-Schmidt et al, 2010;Oh et al, 2010). A fourth group of PSTs with the carbamate side chains substituted with a hydroxybenzoate moiety, were identified in strains of G. catenatum isolated from Australian waters and were named GC1-3 (Negri et al, 2003).…”