Paralytic Shellfish Poisons

Marine biotoxins in shellfish – Saxitoxin group

“…It must be previously calibrated with standards, to set the relationship between death time and amount of toxin, and define the mouse unit (MU) 16 ( Figures 3 and 4). Definition of Mouse Unit (MU) associated with the MBA for STX group toxins: A mouse unit (MU) is defined as the minimum amount needed to cause the death of an 18 to 22 g white mouse in 15 minutes (Shimizu, 1984).…”

Some Aspects of Guanidine Secondary Metabolites

“…For synthetic routes to derivatives, see references (492) and (549)(550)(551)(552)(553)(554). SHIMIZU has discussed most of the work dealing with saxitoxin and its derivatives (491,(555)(556)(557)(558)(559)(560)(561)(562)(563), and other reviews have also appeared (e.g., 564). In addition to saxitoxin (6) (565, 566) a variety ofrelated toxins have been isolated and identified.…”

“…Synthesis of the required carboxylic acid (547) was accomplished in an analogous fashion as described for (557) and the synthesis completed to give ( ± )-triophamine (546) and a stereoisomer whose structure was not reported. Synthesis of the required carboxylic acid (547) was accomplished in an analogous fashion as described for (557) and the synthesis completed to give ( ± )-triophamine (546) and a stereoisomer whose structure was not reported.…”

Thermal Degradation of Partially Purified Paralytic Shellfish Poison Toxins at Different Times, Temperatures, and pH

“…However, Desbiens and Cembella (1997) indicated that 1/3 of the samples became more toxic due to toxin interconversions after the lobsters were cooked in hot steam for 20 min. Mild acid hydrolysis of C2 toxins liberates inorganic sulfate and GTX 3, whereas C1 toxins that are epimers of the 11␣-isomer C2 can be converted to GTX 2 by the reductive cleavage of the O-sulfate group (Shimizu 1984;Laycock and others 1995), and GTX 2/3 and NEO also can be hydrolysed to STX during heating under mild acidic conditions (Shimizu 1984) (Fig. 2).…”