Paralytic shellfish poisons from Australian cyanobacterial blooms

Humpage, Andrew R.; Rositano, Joanna; Bretag, AH; Brown, R. Malcolm; Baker, PD; Nicholson, B. D.; Steffensen, DA

doi:10.1071/mf9940761

Cited by 178 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Several freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been recognized as producers of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) in Australia, Europe, North and South America (Humpage et al, 1994;Carmichael et al, 1997;Lagos et al, 1999;Pomati et al, 2000). Here we report evidence of PST production in a clonal strain of Aphanizomenon gracile, a bloom-forming species with a worldwide distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Taxonomy and production of paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater cyanobacteriumAphanizomenon gracileLMECYA40

Pereira

Carmichael

et al. 2004

European Journal of Phycology

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Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) in an algal bloom in a Portuguese drinking water reservoir (Lake Crato) was followed by isolation of a strain of Aphanizomenon gracile. The strain, coded as LMECYA40, was cultured and identified by combining a morphological study with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The toxin profile of this isolate, as revealed by HPLC-FLD analysis, was similar to that of other Aphanizomenon strains (e.g. NH-5) isolated from North America, consisting of two PST analogues: neoSTX (0.27 fmol cell 71) and STX (0.05 fmol cell 71). Based on these toxin levels, we estimated that a culture with a cell density of 10 7 cells ml 71 should contain approximately 910 mg of STX equivalents per litre. Small volumes of water containing PST concentrations similar to those estimated from the cultured A. gracile would therefore contain PST amounts comparable to those used as limit enforcement for harvesting and consumption of shellfish in marine environments (80 mg of STX equivalents per 100 g of shellfish).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Taxonomy and production of paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater cyanobacteriumAphanizomenon gracileLMECYA40

Pereira

Carmichael

et al. 2004

European Journal of Phycology

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“…and possibly Ana. lemmermannii (Mahmood and Carmichael 1986b, Humpage et al 1994, Lagos et al 1999, Kaas and Henriksen 2000, Pereira et al 2000, Pomati et al 2000, Ferreira et al 2001, Li et al 2003.…”

Section: Neurotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanobacterial toxins in Canadian freshwaters: A review

Kotak¹,

Zurawell²

2007

Lake and Reservoir Management

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Kotak, B.G. and R.W. Zurawell. 2007. Cyanobacterial toxins in Canadian freshwaters: A review. Lake and Reserv. Manage. 23:109-122.Cyanobacterial toxins are a serious water quality concern in productive water bodies worldwide. Microcystins (MCs), which are hepatotoxins, are prevalent in Canadian freshwaters while the occurrence of neurotoxins anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s) and saxitoxin appears to be much less common. Concentrations of microcystin-LR (MCLR), presumed to be the most common of the more than 70 MC analogues, are highly variable in phytoplankton assemblages of lakes and greatly influenced by phytoplankton species composition. The frequency of occurrence and concentrations of MC in lakes in western Canada tend to increase with lake trophic status as well as decreasing N:P ratio. Microcystins accumulate in the aquatic food web through feeding activities of invertebrates (i.e., filter-feeding by clams and grazing by zooplankton and gastropods). Eventual trophic transfer of MC to fish, and resulting mortalities have been documented. Human health may also be at risk. Conventional water treatment may adequately remove low MC concentrations from source water, but can fail to completely remove MCs when initial concentrations are high. To address human health concerns, Health Canada established a drinking water guideline of 1.5 µg/L of MCLR. More recently, it has been suggested that β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a non-protein amino acid produced by many species of cyanobacteria, may cause neuro-degenerative disease, thus representing a significant emerging health issue.

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“…[119,127], and by heterotrophic bacteria [44]. Saxitoxins have been recently identified in five freshwater cyanobacterial species: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae [37,57,70,95], Anabaena circinalis [54,83], Lyngbya wollei [14,91,130] Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii [66] and Planktothrix sp. [96].…”

Section: Saxitoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can be divided in four groups, depending on the substitutions in the five variable positions R1 to R5 (Fig. 3E): saxitoxins (STX, dcSTX, neoSTX) [54,57,60,66,70,83,95,96], gonyautoxins (GTX 1 to 6 [54,60,66,83,95] and dcGTX 2 and 3 [54,83,91,130]), C-toxins (C 1 and 2) [37,54,82], and variants identified in American strains of Lyngbya wollei (LWTX 1 to 6) [91]. Depending on the variants, the toxicity in the mouse can differ considerably.…”

Section: Saxitoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems

Briand¹,

Jacquet²,

et al. 2003

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-Toxigenic cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are most often recognized in marine and freshwater systems, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and estuaries. When environmental conditions (such as light, nutrients, water column stability, etc.) are suitable for their growth, cyanobacteria may proliferate and form toxic blooms in the upper, sunlit layers. The biology and ecology of cyanobacteria have been extensively studied throughout the world during the last two decades, but we still know little about the factors and processes involved in regulating toxin production for many cyanobacterial species. In this minireview, we discuss these microorganisms, and more especially the toxins they produce, as a potential and important health risk for wild and domestic animals.

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Paralytic shellfish poisons from Australian cyanobacterial blooms

Cited by 178 publications

References 23 publications

Taxonomy and production of paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater cyanobacteriumAphanizomenon gracileLMECYA40

Taxonomy and production of paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater cyanobacteriumAphanizomenon gracileLMECYA40

Cyanobacterial toxins in Canadian freshwaters: A review

Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems

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