Paralysis of the awake human: Visual perceptions

Stevens, J. R.; Emerson, Robert C.; Gerstein, George L.; Kallos, Tamas; Neufeld, Gordon R.; Nichols, Charles W.; Rosenquist, Alan C.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(76)90082-1

Cited by 180 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For example, von Graefe (1854) reported that when a patient with a defective lateral rectus muscle attempted a saccade, the visual world appeared to jump in the direction of the intended eye movement, despite the fact that the eye did not move. This finding was later replicated in a more systematic fashion by Stevens et al (1976), who found that subjects experiencing extraocular paralysis reported seeing the world "jump" in the direction of an attempted saccade. More recent support for the notion of a discrete, presaccadic quantum leap in the value of the retinal local signs can be found in the work of Griisser, Krizic, and Weiss (1987), who had subjects report the perceived spatiallocation of a foveal afterimage while producing saccadic eye movements in the dark.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Timing the shift in retinal local signs that accompanies a saccadic eye movement

Jordan

Hershberger

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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The phantom array was used to probe the time course of the shift in retinal local signs that accompanies a saccadic eye movement. The phantom array materializes when one saccades in the dark across a point light source blinking 120 times per second. One sees a stationary array of flashes-the first materializes discretely near the intended endpoint of the saccade, and subsequent flashes materialize progressively closer to the actual position of the blinking light. Four trained observers indicated the perceived location, relative to the phantom array, of a I-msec marker flash (M) produced by two LEDs (light-emitting diodes) that vertically bracketed the blinking light. The marker was seen as spatially coincident with the first flash when it flashed 80 to 0 msec before the saccade, and was seen as spatially coincident with either the first flash or the actual position of the blinking light when it flashed more than 80 msec before the saccade, indicating, respectively, that the shift is presaccadic and rather abrupt.The perceived location of a stationary object remains relatively constant across saccadic eye movements, despite the fact that the retinal locus of the object's image does not. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as visual direction constancy (Shebilske, 1977). Theorists claim that the nervous system accomplishes this perceived constancy across saccadic shifts in eye position by producing a similar shift in the spatiotopic coordinates (local signs) of the retina via a neural signal representing eye position (Bridgeman, 1986; Griisser, 1986;Hallett & Lightstone, 1976a, 1976bHansen & Skavenski, 1985;Hershberger & Jordan, 1992;Honda, 1989;Matin, 1972Matin, , 1982Shebilske, 1976; Skavenski, 1972;Steinbach, 1987). Because the exact nature of this neural signal is unknown, it is commonly referred to as, simply, the extraretinal signal. What is known is that the shift in retinal local signs brought about by this putative extraretinal signal is not synchronized with the shift in eye position. This is evidenced by the fact that the location of a brief (1-msec) flash of light presented in the dark at some point during a saccade, including the saccadic latency, is reliably misperceived (see, e.g., Matin, 1972;O'Regan, 1984).Hershberger (1987) recently reported an illusion of visual direction that he refers to as the phantom array, which can be used to systematically measure the time This paper is based upon a doctoral dissertation by J .S.J. at Northern lllinois University. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mike Anderson, Chris Dalmares, Erin Powell, and Katherine Van Winkle in the data collection and thank W. T. Powers for his assistance in the computer programming. We also wish to express our appreciation to W. Becker for his comments on an earlier version of this article. Requests for reprints should be sent to J. S. Jordan, Department of Psychology' Saint Xavier University, 3700 West 103rd Street, Chicago, IL 60655.-Accepted by previous editor, Charles W. Eriksen course of such perisaccadic misper...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Timing the shift in retinal local signs that accompanies a saccadic eye movement

Jordan

Hershberger

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…In normal vision the extra-retinal signal interacts with the visual response derived from retinal shift and results in perception of a stabilized visual world. When however care is taken to ensure total immobilization of the eye, then no displacement is experienced during attempted saccades [128][129][130]. This difference in perceptual effects between the experiments with partial or total paralysis could be taken to support the notion that proprioceptive information from extra-ocular muscles plays a role in stabilization of vision during saccades [119,131,132].…”

Section: Stabilizationmentioning

confidence: 63%

Corollary discharge: Its possible implications in visual and oculomotor interactions

1979

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Abstract--Data concerning the possible role of a corollary discharge mechanism in the regulation of visual-oculomotor interactions are reviewed. Several modes of action for such a mechanism on the processing of visual information are discussed. Mere suppression of visual input during saccades is considered mostly as a peripheral mechanism. It is proposed that corollary discharge could either produce an active cancellation of the effects of eye movements on vision, or contribute to the evaluation that a given visual change is provoked by a saccade. Cancellation could occur at subcortical levels of visual processing although evaluation could occur at the cortical level.

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“…Sherrington (1918), solely on the grounds that human extrinsic ocular muscles contain muscle spindles and without answering Helmholtz's contrary arguments, suggested that we use proprioceptive information from sensors in the extrinsic ocular muscles {see Milleret et al, 1985, for a review of the literature on direct and secondary central projections of ocular muscle proprioceptors). Mach (1886), Kornmuller (1931), Brindley and Merton (1960), Stevens et al (1976), Matin et al (1982) and Guthrie et al (1983) published new experiments that confirm that outflow information is used, but did not exclude a minor contribution from proprioceptors. Sherrington's view in its pure form has never had any experimental support, but Siebeck (1954) published an observation which made it probable that in one extreme situation messages from sensors in the orbit can influence the direction of things seen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ocular Muscle Proprioception and Visual Localization of Targets in Man

Gauthier¹,

Nommay²,

Vercher³

1990

Brain

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SUMMARYPassive deviation of one eye through 18°, 30° and 42°, achieved by force applied to a sucked-on contact lens, caused the direction of visual targets seen by the other eye to be misjudged in the direction of the passive movement by an amount roughly one-sixth of the angle of passive deviation. The result was the same when the perceived direction was indicated by hand, as when the instant at which a moving target seemed straight ahead was signalled. This result is interpreted by considering that muscular efferents were identical in normal and eye-deviated subjects. The main difference between the two target localization conditions results from the proprioceptor output of the deviated eye. Our data demonstrate that the assessment of the direction of a target seen by an eye that is free to move depends in part on information received by the brain from proprioceptors in the orbit (in our case the contfalateral orbit). It would be surprising if the ipsilateral orbit did not contribute as much or more. We therefore consider that this constitutes clear evidence against the pure outflow theory of visual direction judgement (Helmholz, 1867), additional to that provided by the all-or-nothing situation of complete versus incomplete oculomotor paralysis.Two models have previously been proposed to describe the function of the visual localization mechanism. Both assume that the necessary information is derived from the coding of the position of the eye in the orbit, either through a copy of the muscular activation or through eye muscle proprioception. We propose an alternative model in which both afferent and efferent signals from all actively contracted or stretched muscles provide the necessary information to the CNS. The data gathered so far from normal subjects made strabismic with a suction lens, and from a fair proportion of strabismic patients, support our model describing the mechanism of localization of a single punctate target in darkness.

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Paralysis of the awake human: Visual perceptions

Cited by 180 publications

References 14 publications

Timing the shift in retinal local signs that accompanies a saccadic eye movement

Timing the shift in retinal local signs that accompanies a saccadic eye movement

Corollary discharge: Its possible implications in visual and oculomotor interactions

Ocular Muscle Proprioception and Visual Localization of Targets in Man

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