Paralysis in pigs with spinal cord injury due to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV‐2) infection

Zlotowski, Priscila; Pavarini, Saulo Petinatti; Bandinelli, Marcele Bettim; Langohr, Ingeborg M.; Driemeier, David

doi:10.1136/vr.101409

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…8,18 The development of neurologic clinical signs, such as hind limb paresis and paralysis, has been described in PCV2 systemic disease due to lesions in the spinal cord. 22 The 4 pigs that displayed skeletal muscle lesions also presented spinal cord lesions, yet these were mild, which strengthens the hypothesis that the locomotor clinical signs were directly related to muscle damage. In addition, 2 of the 8 remaining pigs presented spinal cord lesions but no neurologic clinical signs, which supports that locomotor clinical signs resulted from the PCV2-induced muscle damage.…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

Granulomatous Necrotizing Myositis in Swine Affected by Porcine Circovirus Disease

et al. 2017

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with multiple clinical syndromes in pigs, known as porcine circovirus diseases. This work describes an outbreak of porcine circovirus diseases with severe lesions affecting the skeletal muscle. Ninety-two pigs had apathy, weight loss, and diarrhea over a clinical course of 7 to 10 days. Approximately 30 of the pigs had stiff gait, muscle weakness, hind limb paresis, and recumbency. Twelve of the 92 pigs were necropsied, and 4 had pale discoloration of skeletal muscles with microscopic lesions of granulomatous necrotizing myositis. Immunohistochemistry of skeletal muscle showed that PCV2 antigen was located primarily in the cytoplasm and nuclei of macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells, with a lower amount in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, necrotic fibers, and satellite cells. Affected muscle samples were polymerase chain reaction-positive for PCV2 and the amplicon exhibited 99% identity with sequences belonging to the PCV2b genotype. Locomotor clinical signs and granulomatous necrotizing myositis should be considered as another expression of PCV2 infection in pigs.

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confidence: 67%

Granulomatous Necrotizing Myositis in Swine Affected by Porcine Circovirus Disease

et al. 2017

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“…Circoviruses are predominantly observed in pigs between five to 12 weeks of age (Ciacci-Zanella et al 2015). Meningoencephalitis, leptomeningitis, and lymphohistiocytic and necrotizing vasculitis in the cerebellum were described in this age group (Rosell et al 1999, Clark et al 2004, Corrêa et al 2007, Seeliger et al 2007, while spinal cord lesions were observed in finishing pigs (Zlotowski et al 2013). The median age observed in this study was 49 days, which is similar to that described by Seeliger et al (2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Porcine circovirus-2 was the second most common disease diagnosed in this study, and is an important cause of death in pigs in Brazil (Brum et al 2013a, Piva et al 2020). Porcine circovirus is the causative agent of a number of diseases and syndromes in pigs, but only a few reports have described the neurological lesions (Corrêa et al 2007, Seeliger et al 2007, Zlotowski et al 2013, Segalés et al 2019. Circoviruses are predominantly observed in pigs between five to 12 weeks of age (Ciacci-Zanella et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases of the central nervous system in swine in Southern Brazil

et al. 2021

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Brazil is the fourth largest exporter of pork worldwide, with its production concentrated in the Southern region of the country. To reduce the economic impacts and increase herd health, an efficient diagnosis of diseases is necessary. The frequency, seasonal, and annual distribution of diseases that affecting the swine nervous system in Southern Brazil were determined through a retrospective study conducted from 2008 to 2018. A total of 231 pigs were evaluated, and distributed in the following phases: suckling piglets, nursery, growing, finishing, and adults. Piglets in the nursery phase were the most affected with 58.01%. Infectious diseases accounted for 87.01% (201/231) of lesions in the nervous system. Bacterial meningitis was observed in 58.87% of cases, presenting an endemic distribution, and a propensity to occur in the months of autumn/winter. The highest number of cases of porcine circovirus-2 were observed in 2008 and 2009, with a subsequent decline. Porcine circovirus, salt poisoning, and brain abscesses exhibited no association between the seasonal occurrence and annual distribution. Salt poisoning was observed more frequently in the last years of this study. Both, non-suppurative encephalomyelitis and selenium toxicosis exhibited an association between their occurrence and seasonal distribution in, the months of winter, and summer, respectively.

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“…Other viruses causing similar inflammatory lesions in the brain and/or spinal cord in pigs include porcine herpesvirus type 1 (SuHV‐1) (Olander, Saunders, Gustafson, & Jones, ), rabies (Hazlett & Koller, ), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) (Narita et al., ) and ovine herpesvirus‐2 (OHV‐2) (Li et al., ). Porcine circovirus‐2 (PCV2) (Zlotowski, Pavarini, Bandinelli, Langohr, & Driemeier, ) and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) (Rossow et al., ) have also been associated with inflammatory changes in the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of a novel sapelovirus in central nervous tissue of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis in the USA

Arruda

Schwartz

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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An approximately 3,000 finishing swine operation in the United States experienced an outbreak of an atypical neurologic disease in 11-weeks-old pigs with an overall morbidity of 20% and case fatality rate of 30%. The clinical onset and progression of signs in affected pigs varied but included inappetence, compromised ambulation, ataxia, incoordination, mental dullness, paresis, paralysis and decreased response to environmental stimuli. Tissues from affected pigs were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Histopathologic examination of the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord revealed severe lymphoplasmacytic and necrotizing polioencephalomyelitis with multifocal areas of gliosis and neuron satellitosis, suggestive of a neurotropic viral infection. Bacterial pathogens were not isolated by culture of neurologic tissue from affected pigs. Samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were negative for pseudorabies virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. Immunohistochemistry for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus and Listeria was negative. Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) was identified in spinal cord by a nested PCR used to detect porcine enterovirus, porcine teschovirus and PSV. Next-generation sequencing of brainstem and spinal cord samples identified PSV and the absence of other or novel pathogens. In addition, Sapelovirus A mRNA was detected in neurons and nerve roots of the spinal cord by in situ hybridization. The PSV is genetically novel with an overall 94% amino acid identity and 86% nucleotide identity to a recently reported sapelovirus from Korea. This is the first case report in the United States associating sapelovirus with severe polioencephalomyelitis in pigs.

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Paralysis in pigs with spinal cord injury due to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV‐2) infection

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Granulomatous Necrotizing Myositis in Swine Affected by Porcine Circovirus Disease

Granulomatous Necrotizing Myositis in Swine Affected by Porcine Circovirus Disease

Diseases of the central nervous system in swine in Southern Brazil

Detection of a novel sapelovirus in central nervous tissue of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis in the USA

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