Parallel processing in the mammalian retina

Wässle, Heinz

doi:10.1038/nrn1497

Cited by 1,005 publications

(931 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Non-linear processing steps represent a key feature of second order visual interneurons in flies [33][34][35][36] as well as in the vertebrate retina: vertebrate ON-and OFFbipolar cells preferentially relay either increments or decrements in brightness 47 . However, half-wave rectification in bipolar cells is not complete and partly results from inhibitory interactions among ON-and OFF-channels [48][49] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing retinotopic half-wave rectified input to the motion detection circuitry of Drosophila

et al. 2010

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In the visual system of Drosophila, photoreceptors R1-6 relay achromatic brightness information to five parallel pathways. Two of them, the lamina monopolar cells L1 and L2, represent the major input lines to the motion detection circuitry. Here we devised a new method for the optical recording of visually evoked changes in intracellular Ca 2+ in neurons, using targeted expression of a genetically encoded Ca 2+ indicator. Ca 2+ in single terminals of L2 neurons in the medulla carries no information about the direction of motion. However, the observed strong increase in intracellular Ca 2+ induced by light-OFF and only small changes induced by light-ON suggest halfwave rectification of the input signal. Thus, L2 predominantly transmits brightness decrements to downstream circuits that then compute the direction of image motion.2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing retinotopic half-wave rectified input to the motion detection circuitry of Drosophila

et al. 2010

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“…29,30 These are sent to higher brain centres by the axons of different ganglion cell types. Cone photoreceptors, which are the light sensors during daylight, connect to 10 types of bipolar cells 31,32 (Figure 1). Half of the cone bipolar cells are activated by a decrease (OFF cells) and the other half by an increase (ON cells) in light intensity.…”

Section: The Mammalian Retinal Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optogenetic therapy for retinitis pigmentosa

et al. 2011

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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a diverse group of progressive, hereditary diseases of the retina that lead to incurable blindness and affect two million people worldwide. Artificial photoreceptors constructed by gene delivery of light-activated channels or pumps ('optogenetic tools') to surviving cell types in the remaining retinal circuit has been shown to restore photosensitivity in animal models of RP at the level of the retina and cortex as well as behaviorally. The translational potential of this optogenetic approach has been evaluated using in vitro studies involving post-mortem human retinas. Here, we review recent developments in this expanding field and discuss the potential and limitations of optogenetic engineering for the treatment of RP.

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“…Rod and cone photoreceptors make glutamatergic ribbon synapses with rod bipolar (RB) and cone bipolar (CB) cells, respectively, in the OPL. Rod bipolar cells constitute a single type (but see Pang et al (2010) for a different view), whereas cone bipolar cells can be divided into 8-10 different populations with specific synaptic outputs in the IPL (Wässle, 2004). Rod bipolar cells receive their input via the specific metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 (Numura et al, 1994) and depolarize in response to the onset of a light stimulus.…”

Section: Rod and Cone Pathways In The Mammalian Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells in the retina: Function and modulation

Hartveit

Veruki

2012

Brain Research

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Adaptation enables the visual system to operate across a large range of background light intensities. There is evidence that one component of this adaptation is mediated by modulation of gap junctions functioning as electrical synapses, thereby tuning and functionally optimizing specific retinal microcircuits and pathways. The AII amacrine cell is an interneuron found in most mammalian retinas and plays a crucial role for processing visual signals in starlight, twilight and daylight. AII amacrine cells are connected to each other by gap junctions, potentially serving as a substrate for signal averaging and noise reduction, and there is evidence that the strength of electrical coupling is modulated by the level of background light. Whereas there is extensive knowledge concerning the retinal microcircuits that involve the AII amacrine cell, it is less clear which signaling pathways and intracellular transduction mechanisms are involved in modulating the junctional conductance between electrically coupled AII amacrine cells. Here we review the current state of knowledge, with a focus on recent evidence that suggests that the modulatory control involves activity-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the gap junction channels between AII amacrine cells, potentially linked to their intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics.

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Parallel processing in the mammalian retina

Cited by 1,005 publications

References 114 publications

Visualizing retinotopic half-wave rectified input to the motion detection circuitry of Drosophila

Visualizing retinotopic half-wave rectified input to the motion detection circuitry of Drosophila

Optogenetic therapy for retinitis pigmentosa

Electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells in the retina: Function and modulation

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