Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal Ganglia and Cortex

Alexander, Garrett E.; DeLong, Mahlon R.; Strick, Peter L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041

Cited by 7,571 publications

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“…Together with the DLPFC, these subcortical areas represent elements of the dorsolateral corticostriatal circuit [Alexander et al, 1986] which has been implicated in a previous study of creativity [Jung et al, 2010]. The reciprocal pattern of activity within this system—increases in the striatum, decreases in the DLPFC—is consistent with the possibility that in experts, generation of novel poetry engages automatic and routinized behaviors mediated by the striatum [Saling and Phillips, 2007], rather than conscious, attentionally driven processes mediated by the cortex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain activity and connectivity during poetry composition: Toward a multidimensional model of the creative process

Liu

Erkkinen

Healey

et al. 2015

Human Brain Mapping

147

102

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Creativity, a multifaceted construct, can be studied in various ways, for example, investigating phases of the creative process, quality of the creative product, or the impact of expertise. Previous neuroimaging studies have assessed these individually. Believing that each of these interacting features must be examined simultaneously to develop a comprehensive understanding of creative behavior, we examined poetry composition, assessing process, product, and expertise in a single experiment. Distinct activation patterns were associated with generation and revision, two major phases of the creative process. Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was active during both phases, yet responses in dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal executive systems (DLPFC/IPS) were phase‐dependent, indicating that while motivation remains unchanged, cognitive control is attenuated during generation and re‐engaged during revision. Experts showed significantly stronger deactivation of DLPFC/IPS during generation, suggesting that they may more effectively suspend cognitive control. Importantly however, similar overall patterns were observed in both groups, indicating the same cognitive resources are available to experts and novices alike. Quality of poetry, assessed by an independent panel, was associated with divergent connectivity patterns in experts and novices, centered upon MPFC (for technical facility) and DLPFC/IPS (for innovation), suggesting a mechanism by which experts produce higher quality poetry. Crucially, each of these three key features can be understood in the context of a single neurocognitive model characterized by dynamic interactions between medial prefrontal areas regulating motivation, dorsolateral prefrontal, and parietal areas regulating cognitive control and the association of these regions with language, sensorimotor, limbic, and subcortical areas distributed throughout the brain. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3351–3372, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc..

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain activity and connectivity during poetry composition: Toward a multidimensional model of the creative process

Liu

Erkkinen

Healey

et al. 2015

Human Brain Mapping

147

102

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“…Striatal inputs and outputs are postulated to be organized in circuits that are parallel but have origins and destinations that are distinct (3,9). Combined histochemical and receptor studies suggest that neurotransmitters are organized according to compartments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Striatal efferents projecting to globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN) integrate and modulate motor activities via direct and indirect pallidal motor circuits that ultimately project back to cerebral cortex. Recent evidence suggests that the neostriatum is able to maintain segregated information flow due to compartmentalization in mammalian caudate and putamen (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Distinct regions within caudate and putamen have been defined in several species with histochemical techniques, in situ hybridization, and neurotransmitter receptor binding studies in rat (1,(12)(13)(14)(15), cat (10,14,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), primate (12,14,(19)(20)(21)(22), and human (20,(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartmentalization of excitatory amino acid receptors in human striatum.

Dure

Young

Penney

1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Division of the mammalian neostriatum into two intermingled compartments called striosomes and matrix has been established by analysis of enzyme activity, neuropeptide distribution, nucleic acid hybridization, and neurotransmitter receptor binding. Striosomes and matrix are distinct with respect to afferent and efferent connections, and these regions provide the potential for modulation and integration of information flow within basal ganglia circuitry. The primary neurotransmitters of corticostriatal afferents are excitatory amino acids, but to date no correlation of excitatory amino acid receptors and striatal compartments has been described. We examined binding to the three pharmacologically distinct ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, and kainate, in human striatum using in vitro receptor autoradiography and compared the binding to striosomes and matrix histochemically dermed by acetylcholinesterase activity. Our findings reveal increased binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors in matrix relative to striosomes and increased kainate receptor binding in striosomes relative to matrix. These results suggest that afferent input to the two striatal compartments may be mediated by pharmacoloically distinct excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.The mammalian neostriatum, composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen, participates in the modulation ofneuronal activity associated with cognitive, affective, and performance aspects of motor function. Abundant corticostriatal afferents from frontal, limbic, and primary sensorimotor cortex subserve these distinct but interrelated functions. Striatal efferents projecting to globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN) integrate and modulate motor activities via direct and indirect pallidal motor circuits that ultimately project back to cerebral cortex. Recent evidence suggests that the neostriatum is able to maintain segregated information flow due to compartmentalization in mammalian caudate and putamen (1-11). Distinct regions within caudate and putamen have been defined in several species with histochemical techniques, in situ hybridization, and neurotransmitter receptor binding studies in rat (1,(12)(13)(14)(15), cat (10, 14, 16-20), primate (12, 14, 19-22), and human (20,(23)(24)(25)(26). These compartments, termed striosomes and matrix, exhibit distinct afferent and efferent connections. In rat, cat, and primate, striosomes receive input primarily from prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, and amygdala, whereas the major projection to matrix is from association and sensorimotor cortex (2,27,28). Within the feline and rat neostriatum, interneurons may function to allow striosomal/matrix interactions (29-31).Separate striatal circuitry is preserved for efferent connections of striatum, with striosomal neurons projecting mainly to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the majority of matrix neurons projec...

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“…This is likely related to the role of the thalamus as a relay and integrative site for other brain areas activated in OCD, such as the basal ganglia and the OFC. A large literature supports the existence of parallel circuits linking the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex with circuits communicating with separate areas of the frontal cortex 70,71. These circuits have been the basis of several of the neuroanatomical models of OCD.…”

Section: The Functions Of the Brain Areas Involved In Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most accepted neuroanatomic model of OCD is based on the finding that there are separate cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical loops,70,71 (although recent evidence suggests that these loops are not as separate as previously thought) 88. The standard anatomic model of OCD proposes that the symptoms of OCD are caused by dysfunction of elements of a PFC-basal ganglia-thalamic-PFC loop89–93 (Figure 4).…”

Section: Previous Models Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychological and Neuroanatomical Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Huey¹,

Zahn²,

Moll³

et al. 2008

Journal of Neuropsychiatry

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Imaging, surgical, and lesion studies suggest that the prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortexes), basal ganglia, and thalamus are involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). On the basis of these findings several models of OCD have been developed, but have had difficulty fully integrating the psychological and neuroanatomical findings of OCD. Recent research in the field of cognitive neuroscience on the normal function of these brain areas demonstrates the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward, the anterior cingulate cortex in error detection, the basal ganglia in affecting the threshold for activation of motor and behavioral programs, and the prefrontal cortex in storing memories of behavioral sequences (called “structured event complexes” or SECs). The authors propose that the initiation of these SECs can be accompanied by anxiety that is relieved with completion of the SEC, and that a deficit in this process could be responsible for many of the symptoms of OCD. Specifically, the anxiety can form the basis of an obsession, and a compulsion can be an attempt to receive relief from the anxiety by repeating parts of, or an entire, SEC. The authors discuss empiric support for, and specific experimental predictions of, this model. The authors believe that this model explains the specific symptoms, and integrates the psychology and neuroanatomy of OCD better than previous models.

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Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal Ganglia and Cortex

Abstract: Figure 1 Frontal cortical targets of basal ganglia output. Schematic illustration of the five cortical areas that contribute to the "closed loop" portions of the basal ganglia thalamocortical circuits discussed in this review.

Cited by 7,571 publications

References 100 publications

Brain activity and connectivity during poetry composition: Toward a multidimensional model of the creative process

Brain activity and connectivity during poetry composition: Toward a multidimensional model of the creative process

Compartmentalization of excitatory amino acid receptors in human striatum.

A Psychological and Neuroanatomical Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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